Congenital defect of the brain or spinal cord from abnormal growth of their precursor, the neural tube (see embryology ), usually with spine or skull defects.
The tube may fail to close properly, have parts missing, or have a blockage (see hydrocephalus ). In spina bifida, vertebrae are open over the back of the spinal cord, usually at the base. This may not affect function if no further defects (local absence of skin or meninges , protrusion of tissue, defect opening into the spinal cord) exist. The more serious forms can cause paralysis and impair bladder and bowel function. In encephalocele, a meningeal sac containing brain tissue protrudes from the skull. The effects depend on the amount of tissue involved. Adequate folic-acid intake by women of childbearing age reduces the risk of neural tube defects. Early surgery can prevent or minimize disability.