CAVE BEAR

extinct species (Ursus spelaeus) of bear, notable for its habit of inhabiting caves, where its remains are frequently preserved; in European cave deposits, the remains of more than 100,000 cave bears have been found. The cave bear is best known from late Pleistocene cave deposits, although it can be traced back to Late Pliocene times (the Pliocene Epoch ended 1.6 million years ago and was followed by the Pleistocene). Remains have been found in England, Belgium, Germany, Russia, Spain, Italy, and Greece, and it may have reached North Africa. Several local varieties, or races, have been described; dwarf races are known from some regions. Stone Age peoples sometimes hunted the cave bear, but evidence of this hunting is very sporadic; it is highly unlikely that hunting by man caused its extinction. It appears likely that most cave bears died in the severe glacial winters during hibernation; the remains include a large proportion of very young or very old and many specimens showing unmistakable signs of illness or disease. Extinction of the cave bear seems to have been a gradual process that was complete at the close of the last glacial episode. The cave bear was probably as large as the Kodiak bears of Alaska, the largest bears of today. The head was very large, and the jaws bore distinctive teeth. It has been inferred that the animal was largely vegetarian.