U.S. physicians and pioneers in psychiatric treatment.
Charles Frederick Menninger (1862–1953) was born in Tell City, Ind., and began practicing medicine in Topeka, Kan., in 1889. He saw the benefit of group medical practice after visiting the Mayo family 's clinic in 1908. His son Karl (1893–1990) was born in Topeka and received psychiatric training in Boston. In 1919 the two founded the Menninger Diagnostic Clinic for the practice of general medicine and psychiatry. With Charles's youngest son, William (1899–1966), they established the Menninger Sanitarium and Psychopathic Hospital (1925). Their belief that the mentally ill should be treated, not merely institutionalized, attracted attention and other scientists, and they made significant strides in establishing psychiatry as a legitimate science. In 1931 the sanitarium became the first training facility for nurses specializing in psychiatric care, and in 1933 it opened a neuropsychiatric residency program for physicians. They formed the Menninger Foundation in 1941 and the Menninger School of Psychiatry in Topeka four years later.