ADAMS, JOHN

born October 30 [October 19, Old Style], 1735, Braintree [now in Quincy], Mass. died July 4, 1826, Quincy John Adams, oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1826; in the National Museum of American Art, 1/4 early advocate of American independence from Great Britain, major figure in the Continental Congress (1774-77), author of the Massachusetts constitution (1780), signer of the Treaty of Paris (1783), first American ambassador to the Court of St. James (1785-88), first vice president (1789-97) and second president (1797-1801) of the United States. Although Adams was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the most significant statesmen of the revolutionary era, his reputation faded in the 19th century, only to ascend again during the last half of the 20th century. The modern edition of his correspondence prompted a rediscovery of his bracing honesty and pungent way with words, his importance as a political thinker, his realistic perspective on American foreign policy, and his patriarchal role as founder of one of the most prominent families in American history. Additional reading Adams's writings The definitive edition of the Adams papers has been published in separate installments. L.H. Butterfield et al. (eds.), Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, 4 vol. (1961, reissued 1964); Adams Family Correspondence, 6 vol. (1963-93); and The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762-1784 (1975, reissued 1997), launched the project, which continued with Robert J. Taylor et al. (eds.), Papers of John Adams (1977- ). Adams's legal career is handled separately in L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel (eds.), Legal Papers of John Adams, 3 vol. (1965, reprinted 1968). Because the definitive edition remains a work in progress, the only comprehensive edition in print is Charles Francis Adams (ed.), The Works of John Adams, 10 vol. (1850-56, reprinted 1971). Other pieces of the massive Adams correspondence include: Charles Francis Adams (ed.), Letters of John Adams, Addressed to His Wife, 2 vol. (1841, reissued 1965); Alexander Biddle et al., Old Family Letters, 2 vol. (1892); Worthington Chauncey Ford (ed.), Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784-1822 (1927); Lester J. Cappon (ed.), The Adams-Jefferson Letters, 2 vol. (1959, reprinted in 1 vol., 1988); John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair (eds.), The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805-1813 (1966, reissued 1980). Biographies Among the full-length biographies, three stand out: Page Smith, John Adams, 2 vol. (1962-63, reprinted in 1 vol., 1988); Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (1976); and John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (1992, reissued 1996). Although a fictional biography, Catherine Drinker Bowen, John Adams and the American Revolution (1950), is unsurpassed in bringing Adams to life during the early stages of his career. For the latter phase of his life, see Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (1993). The Adams presidency is the focus of two books: Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795-1800 (1957, reissued 1961); and Ralph Adams Brown, The Presidency of John Adams (1975). An old but still valuable rendering of the presidential years is Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (1953, reprinted 1984). Special topics Topical accounts of specific moments in Adams's life include Hiller B. Zobel, The Boston Massacre (1970, reissued 1996); James H. Hutson, John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980); Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (1966); James Morton Smith, Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, emended ed. (1966); and Merrill D. Peterson, Adams and Jefferson: A Revolutionary Dialogue (1976, reissued 1978). Adams's political thought is the subject of several books. Zoltn Haraszti, John Adams & the Prophets of Progress (1952, reissued 1964), is old but still unsurpassed in its revelations based on the marginalia in Adams's books. John R. Howe, Jr., The Changing Political Thought of John Adams (1966), argues that Adams went through a conservative phase in the 1780s. C. Bradley Thompson, John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty (1998), argues for Adams's abiding consistency and has now become the authoritative account. Edward Handler, America and Europe in the Political Thought of John Adams (1964), provides an excellent overview of Adams's reactions to major European thinkers. Four biographies of Abigail Adams provide important insights into the domestic and personal life of the remarkable Adams family: Charles W. Akers, Abigail Adams: An American Woman (2nd ed., 2000); Lynn Withey, Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams (1981); Phyllis Lee Levin, Abigail Adams: A Biography (1987); and Edith B. Gelles, Portia: The World of Abigail Adams (1992, reissued 1995). The most negative view of Abigail Adams can be found in Paul C. Nagel, Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family (1983, reissued 1999), and The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters, and Daughters (1987, reissued 1999). The multiple paintings of the Adams family are available in Andrew Oliver, Portraits of John and Abigail Adams (1967). Finally, seminal essays on Adams's personality and ideology can be found in several books that focus on larger themes during the Revolutionary era. These include Bernard Bailyn, Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence (1990, reissued 1992); Edmund S. Morgan, The Meaning of Independence: John Adams, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson (1976, reissued 1978); and Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (1969, reissued 1998).