AFRICAN LANGUAGESADDITIONAL READING

Istvan Fodor, The Problems in the Classification of the African Languages: Methodological and Theoretical Conclusions Concerning the Classification System of Joseph H. Greenberg (1959); Joseph H. Greenberg, Studies in African Linguistic Classification (1955), Greenberg's first classification of African languages, includes articles that originally appeared in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology; "Africa As a Linguistic Area," in W.R. Bascom and M.J. Herskovits (eds.), Continuity and Change in African Cultures, pp. 15-27 (1959); The Languages of Africa (1963), a revision of Greenberg (1955), representing the most up-to-date version of the author's classification; Harry H. Johnston, A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages, 2 vol. (1919-22), a pioneering study showing many significant similarities between Bantu and many West African languages, both in structure and vocabulary; Richard Lepsius, Nubische Grammatik, mit einer Einleitung ber die Vlker und Sprachen Afrika's (1880), a grammar of Nubian with an extensive introduction containing one of the earliest overall classifications of African languages; Carl Meinhof, Die Sprachen der Hamiten (1912), discusses a selection of languages considered by the author to be Hamitic, including Masai, and the linguistic characteristics that link them; Friedrich Mueller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, 4 vol. (1876-88), contains one of the earliest attempts at an overall classification of African languages; George Peter Murdock, Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History (1959); Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 7, Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa (1971); Archibald N. Tucker and Margaret A. Bryan, The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa (1956), the most detailed survey of all the Chari-Nile languages and language groups, plus many others; Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa (1966), linguistic sketches of the languages included in Tucker and Bryan (1956); Diedrich Westermann, Die Sudansprachen, eine sprachvergleichende Studie (1911), an attempt to demonstrate the interrelationship of five West African languages (Twi, Ga, Ewe, Yoruba, and Efik) and three from East Africa (Kunama, Nubian, and Dinka), thereby seeking to show the unity of all the Sudanic languages; Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu (1927), weakens the case for the interrelationship of all the Sudanic languages by showing a closer interrelationship between the Western Sudanic and Bantu languages; "Charakter und Einteilung der Sudansprachen," Africa, 8:129-148 (1935), revises the author's earlier views on the Sudanic languages; and with Margaret A. Bryan, The Languages of West Africa (1952), the most detailed survey of the languages of West Africa. Also useful is Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons (1982). Morris F. Goodman