BATISTA (Y ZALDVAR), FULGENCIO

born Jan. 16, 1901, Banes, Cuba died Aug. 6, 1973, Marbella, Spain soldier and dictator who twice ruled Cuba-first in 1933-44, when he gave the nation a strong, efficient government, and again in 1952-59 as a dictator, jailing his opponents, using terrorist methods, and making fortunes for himself and his associates. The son of impoverished farmers, Batista worked in a variety of jobs until he joined the army in 1921, starting as a stenographer. He rose to the rank of sergeant and developed a large personal following. In September 1933 he organized the "sergeants' revolt"; it toppled the provisional regime of Carlos Manuel de Cspedes, which had replaced the dictatorial regime of Gerardo Machado y Morales. Batista thus became the most powerful man in Cuba. An astute judge of men, Batista preferred to consolidate his control through patronage rather than terror. He cultivated the support of the army, the civil service, and organized labour. Ruling through associates the first few years, he was elected president in 1940. While greatly enriching himself, he also governed the nation most effectively, expanding the educational system, sponsoring a huge program of public works, and fostering the growth of the economy. Retiring from office in 1944, he traveled abroad and lived for a while in Florida, where he invested part of the huge sums he had acquired in Cuba. During the eight years that he was out of power in Cuba, there was a resurgence of corruption on a grand scale, as well as a virtual breakdown of public services. His return to power through another army revolt in March 1952 was widely welcomed. But he returned as a brutal dictator, controlling the university, the press, and the Congress, and he embezzled huge sums from the soaring economy. His regime was finally toppled by the rebel forces led by Fidel Castro, who launched their successful attack in the fall of 1958. Faced with the collapse of his regime, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on Jan. 1, 1959. Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally to Estoril, near Lisbon.