BEAN

seed or pod of certain leguminous plants of the family Fabaceae, originally of Vicia faba, an Old World species called broad bean, or fava bean. The mature seeds of the principal beans used for food, except soybeans (q.v.), are rather similar in composition, although they differ widely in eating quality. Rich in protein and providing moderate amounts of iron and vitamins B1 and B2, beans are used worldwide for cooking in either fresh or dried form. Most varieties of the common bean grow either as an erect bush 30-75 centimetres (12-30 inches) tall or as a climbing plant 1.2-2.1 metres (50-80 inches) long, but a few important kinds are of intermediate form. Dwarf and semiclimbers are grown extensively. When the climbing type is grown for its immature pods, artificial supports are necessary to facilitate harvesting. Varieties differ greatly in size, shape, colour, and fibrousness or tenderness of the immature pods. In general, varieties grown for dry mature seeds produce pods that are too fibrous to be eaten at any state of development. Most edible-podded beans produce relatively low yields of mature seeds, or seeds that are of low eating quality. Seed colours range from white through green, yellow, tan, pink, red, brown, and purple to black in solid colours and countless contrasting patterns. Seed shapes range from nearly spherical to flattened, elongated, and kidney-shaped. Pods are of various shades of green, yellow, red, and purple and splashed with red or purple; pod shapes range from flat to round, smooth to irregular, and straight to sharply curved; length ranges from 75 to 200 millimetres (3 to 8 inches) or more. The common bean of Central and South American origin (Phaseolus vulgaris) is second to the soybean in importance. It is called French bean, haricot bean, and kidney bean in various countries; in the United States, however, kidney bean refers to a specific type that is definitely kidney-shaped and red, dark red, or white. Some varieties of common bean are grown only for the dry seeds, some only for the edible immature pods, and others for the seeds, either immature or mature. Brazil, China, and the United States produce more than a third of the world's supply of this bean in the mature state. This bean figures prominently in Latin-American and Creole cuisines. Third in importance, the principal bean of Europe though less well known in the United States, is the broad, or fava, bean (Vicia faba). The broad bean will not tolerate hot weather; it is grown in summer only in the cool parts of the temperate zone and during the winter in the warmer parts. Unlike other beans described, it tolerates slight freezing. The plant is erect, from 600 to 1,500 mm tall, and bears few branches; the stem and branches are crowded with short-petioled leaves; the pods are nearly erect in clusters in the axils of the leaves; the seeds are large and irregularly flattened. Most edible-podded beans can be grown over wide ranges of territory if they are planted at suitable times. The edible-podded varieties are popular in many countries, especially in Europe. In the United States the predominant edible-podded bean is the common string, snap, or green bean (P. vulgaris). Of Central American origin, the lima bean (P. limensis) is of commercial importance in few countries outside the Americas. Grown only for food, dry mature lima beans constitute approximately 2 1/2 percent of the total dry-bean production in the United States. There is a wide range of pod size and shape and of seed size, shape, thickness, and colour in both bush and climbing forms. Pods are wide, flat, and slightly curved. The lima bean is readily distinguished by the characteristic fine ridges in the seed coat that radiate from the "eye." A perennial in the tropics, elsewhere it is normally grown as an annual; it requires a longer season and warmer weather than most varieties of common American bean. The scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus) is native to tropical America. Naturally a perennial, it is grown to a small extent in temperate climates as an annual. It is a vigorous climbing plant with showy racemes of scarlet flowers, large, coarse pods, and large, coloured seeds. The scarlet runner bean is grown in Great Britain and Europe for the attractive flowers and fleshy immature pods. The mung bean, or green gram (P. aureus), is native to India. The pods and seeds are by far the smallest of any of the beans named here. The pods are slender, 75-100 mm long, and contain 10-14 spherical-to-oblong seeds about 3 mm in diameter. Extensively grown in the Orient for food, as bean sprouts and otherwise, the mung bean is little known in Europe and the Americas except for the preparation of sprouts. In this form the beans are a good source of vitamin C. The horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) and the bonavist bean, native to India, are related, large, tropical climbing plants, the immature seeds of which are commonly used for food in Asia. The dry seeds are large, dark to black, nearly round to slightly flattened and elongated.