BLACK SOX SCANDAL

American baseball scandal centring on the charge that eight members of the Chicago White Sox had been bribed to lose the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds. The accused players were pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude (Lefty) Williams, first baseman Charles (Chick) Gandil, shortstop Charles (Swede) Risberg, third baseman George (Buck) Weaver, outfielders Joe (Shoeless Joe) Jackson and Oscar (Happy) Felsch, and pinch hitter Fred McMullin. Court records suggest that the eight players received $70,000 to $100,000 for losing five games to three. Suspicions of a conspiracy were aired immediately after the World Series ended, principally by Hugh Fullerton and other sportswriters, but controversy over the allegations had died down by the beginning of the 1920 season. Then, in September, a grand jury was called to investigate various allegations of gamblers invading baseball. On Sept. 28, 1920, after Cicotte, Williams, Jackson, and Felsch admitted to the grand jury that they had thrown the 1919 series in return for a bribe, Charles Comiskey, owner of the White Sox, suspended seven of the players. (Gandil was already on suspension in a salary dispute.) The indicted players stood trial in the summer of 1921 but on August 3 were acquitted on insufficient evidencelargely because key evidence, including the original confessions of the players, had disappeared from the grand jury files. (They probably were stolen.) On August 4 the new baseball commissioner, Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, banned the eight players from the game for life. Few of the alleged gamblers testified at the trial, and none were themselves ever brought to trial for the White Sox bribery, though the notorious New York racketeer Arnold Rothstein was mentioned in hearings as the probable banker of the bribery scheme. Additional reading Eliot Asinof, Eight Men Out (1963, reprinted 1987).