CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

also called Child Development, the study of the psychological processes of children, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next. The topic is sometimes subsumed with infancy, adulthood, and aging under the category of developmental psychology. As a scientific discipline with a firm empirical basis, child study is of comparatively recent origin. It was initiated in 1840, when Charles Darwin began a record of the growth and development of one of his own children, collecting the data much as if he were studying some strange species. A similar, more elaborate study was published by the German psychophysiologist W.T. Preyer (Die Seele des Kindes [1882; The Mind of the Child]) that set the fashion for a series of others. In 1891 the American educational psychologist G. Stanley Hall established a periodical, the Pedagogical Seminary, devoted to child psychology and pedagogy. During the early 20th century, the development of intelligence tests and the establishment of child guidance clinics further defined the field of child psychology. A number of notable 20th-century psychologists-among them Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, and Freud's daughter, Anna Freud-dealt with child development chiefly from the psychoanalytic point of view. Perhaps the greatest direct influence on modern child psychology was Jean Piaget of Switzerland. By means of direct observation and interaction, Piaget developed a theory based on the systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children. He described the various stages of learning in childhood and characterized the child's perception of himself and the world at each stage. The data of child psychology are gathered from a variety of sources. Observations by relatives, teachers, and other adults, as well as the psychologist's direct observation of and interviews with a child (or children), provide a significant amount of material. In some cases a one-way window or mirror is used so that children are free to interact with their environment or others without awareness that they are being watched. Projective tests, personality and intelligence tests, and experimental methods have also proved useful in understanding child development. Despite attempts to unify the various theories of child development, the field remains dynamic, developing as human understanding of physiology and psychology changes.