CHRONICLE PLAY

also called Chronicle History, or History Play, drama with a theme from history consisting usually of loosely connected episodes chronologically arranged. Plays of this type lay emphasis on the public welfare by pointing to the past as a lesson for the present. The genre is characterized by its assumption of a national consciousness in its audience. It has flourished in times of intensely nationalistic feeling, notably in England from the 1580s until the 1630s, by which time it was "out of fashion," according to the prologue of John Ford's play Perkin Warbeck. Early examples of the chronicle play include The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth, The Life and Death of Jacke Straw, The Troublesome Raigne of John King of England, and The True Tragedie of Richard III. The genre came to maturity with the work of Christopher Marlowe (Edward II) and William Shakespeare (Henry VI, parts 2 and 3). In An Apology for Actors (1612) the dramatist Thomas Heywood wrote that chronicle plays are writ with this ayme, and carryed with this methode, to teach their subjects obedience to their king, to shew the people the untimely ends of such as have moved tumults, commotions, and insurrections, to present them with the flourishing estate of such as live in obedience, exhorting them to allegeance, dehorting them from all trayterous and fellonious stratagems. At the same time, it was argued that the overthrow of a tyrant (such as Richard III, according to the Tudor reading of events) was right and proper. Elizabethan dramatists drew their material from the wealth of chronicle writing for which the age is renowned, notably Edward Hall's The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre & Yorke, and the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande of Raphael Holinshed. The genre was a natural development from the morality plays of the Middle Ages. In a forerunner of the chronicle play, John Bale's Kynge Johan, all the characters except the king himself are allegorical and have names such as Widow England, Sedition, and Private Wealth. No age has matched the Elizabethan, either in England or elsewhere, in this kind of play. But chronicle plays are still sometimes written-for example, by the 20th-century English playwright John Arden (Left-Handed Liberty, Armstrong's Last Goodnight)-and the genre corresponds in many respects, especially in its didactic purpose and episodic structure, with the influential epic theatre of Bertolt Brecht in 20th-century Germany.