DARIO, RUBEN

born Jan. 18, 1867, Metapa, Nic. died Feb. 6, 1916, Len pseudonym of Flix Rubn Garca Sarmiento influential Nicaraguan poet, journalist, and diplomat. As a leader of the Spanish-American literary movement known as Modernism, which flourished at the end of the 19th century, he revivified and modernized poetry in Spanish on both sides of the Atlantic through his experiments with rhythm, metre, and imagery. Daro developed a highly original poetic style that founded a tradition. Precocious and prolific, from the age of 14 he signed the name Rubn Daro to his poems and stories of love, heroism, and adventure, which, although imitative in form, showed a strikingly vivid imagination. In 1886 he left Nicaragua, beginning the travels that continued throughout his life. He settled for a time in Chile, where in 1888 he published his first major work, Azul (Blue), a collection of short stories, descriptive sketches, and verse. This volume was soon recognized in Europe and Latin America as the herald of a new era in Spanish-American literature. Daro had only recently become acquainted with French Parnassian poetry, and Azul represents his attempt to apply to Spanish the tenets of that stylistic movement. In the prose works in Azul he discarded the traditional long and grammatically complex Spanish sentence structure, replacing it with simple and direct language. Both the prose and poetry are generally concerned with objective description, and both deal with exotic subjects, chiefly classical mythology, France, and the Orient. The volume exhibits Dario's concern with art for art's sake, and little interest is shown in everyday life. After his return to Central America and two brief marriages (the first ended by his wife's death and the other by separation), he left to take up an appointment as Colombian consul in Buenos Aires, in 1893, where he found the cosmopolitan atmosphere stimulating. Young writers there hailed him as their leader, and Modernism became organized around him as a movement. Daro's next significant work, Prosas profanas y otros poemas (1896; Profane Hymns and Other Poems), a collection of verse, continued the innovative stylistic trends of Azul but treated its exotic scenes and personages in a manner more symbolic than objective, for it was influenced by the contemporary French Symbolist poets. The work is the high point of the escapist phase of Modernism. Daro went to Europe in 1898 as a correspondent for the Buenos Aires newspaper La Nacin. Based in Paris and Majorca, he traveled extensively on the European continent on journalistic and diplomatic missions. By this time, world events and his own advancing age had brought about a profound change in his outlook on life. He became vitally concerned with the world outside the realm of art: the threat of supposed North American imperialism after the defeat of Spain in 1898; the solidarity of Spanish-speaking peoples; the future of Spanish America after the collapse of Spain's empire in the New World; and the age-old problems of human existence. The collection that is generally considered to be his masterpiece, Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905; Songs of Life and Hope), reflects these concerns and is the culmination of his technical experimentation and his artistic resourcefulness. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Daro left Europe, physically ill and on the brink of poverty. In an attempt to alleviate his financial difficulties, he began a lecture tour of North America, but he developed pneumonia in New York and died shortly after his return to his homeland. In addition to the three major collections on which his greatest fame rests, Daro also wrote approximately 100 short stories and tales, several other volumes of poetry and penetrating literary criticism, and the journalistic articles that appeared in La nacin and elsewhere. From the standpoint of artistic resourcefulness and technical perfection, Daro is considered by many to be one of the greatest poets who ever wrote in Spanish. Throughout his career he boldly experimented with many forms of verse, and he probably introduced more metrical innovations than any other Spanish-language poet. Dario's poetry is notable for its remarkable musicality, grace, and sonority, and he had a masterly command of rhyme and metrical structure. His earlier anecdotal and descriptive poems treat faraway places, mythology, and other exotic subjects with a rich lyricism, while the later poems in Cantos de vida contain a pronounced philosophical note and exhibit a poignant and powerful sense of the tragic side of life. Among the many editions of Daro's work in Spanish is Obras completas, 2 vol. (1971), edited by A.M. Plancarte. Selected Poems, translated by Lysander Kemp (1965), contains an introduction by Mexico's Octavio Paz and a tribute by Spain's Federico Garca Lorca and Chile's Pablo Neruda.