FISHER (OF KILVERSTONE), JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

born Jan. 25, 1841, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] died July 10, 1920, London British admiral and first sea lord whose reforms between 1904 and 1910 ensured the dominance of the Royal Navy during World War I. Fisher entered the navy at age 13. He was a midshipman in the Crimean War and in China (185960), where he took part in the capture of Canton. Promoted to captain (1874), he commanded various ships and the gunnery school and took a prominent part in the bombardment of Alexandria (1882) as commander of the battleship Inflexible. Fisher held the post of director of naval ordnance and torpedoes for five years and was appointed to the Admiralty board as third sea lord and controller of the navy in 1892; in this post he was responsible for the material efficiency of the fleet. Knighted in 1894, he became second sea lord in 1902 and first sea lord in 1904. During his tenure as first sea lord Fisher executed changes in the organization of the fleet, the administration of dockyards, ship construction, the development of submarines, the conversion of the navy's ships from the use of coal to that of oil, and gunnery development. To counter the rapid expansion of the German navy, he reinforced the British naval forces in home waters and, by scrapping obsolete ships, released men to provide the nucleus of crews for ships in reserve. He was also responsible for the creation of the battleship Dreadnought, the prototype of the all-big-gun ship that revolutionized naval construction and was immediately copied by Germany. When the competition with the German navy became acute, he persuaded the British government to begin the construction of eight new battleships. He also created the lightly armoured Invincible-type battle cruisers, which carried heavy armaments but relied on speed for their protection. In war these proved, however, to be outclassed by the heavily armoured German battle cruisers. Created Baron Fisher of Kilverstone (1909), he retired in January 1910 and remained in retirement until October 1914, when he was recalled as first sea lord to serve under the first lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. After the defeat of a British squadron by the German admiral Graf von Spee's forces at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Chile, Fisher sent out the battle cruisers Invincible and Inflexible, which destroyed Spee's squadron in the Battle of the Falkland Islands (Dec. 8, 1914). Fisher's career ended over his ambivalent attitude toward the Churchill-backed plan for a naval expedition through the Dardanelles, which was intended to land a force and capture the Turkish capital. When the campaign in the Dardanelles faltered, Fisher urged that it be abandoned, and when his views received no support from the British leadership, he resigned on May 15, 1915, in protest against Churchill's conduct of the Admiralty. He then wrote two volumes of memoirs, Memories and Records, published in 1919.