FREDERICK V

born March 31, 1723, Copenhagen died Jan. 14, 1766, Copenhagen king of Denmark and Norway (174666) from the death of his father, Christian VI. The reign of this likable but ineffective king was marked by Danish neutrality in the Seven Years' War (175663) and a consequent improvement in the nation's foreign trade; by a narrow escape from war with Russia (1762); and by government-sponsored reforms in farming methods (from 1757, when an agricultural commission was established). In addition, the arts flourished without pietistic restraint. Real power was exercised in Frederick's name by two outstanding ministers, Adam Gottlob, Count Moltke, and J.H.E. von Bernstorff. In 1743 Frederick married Louisa, a daughter of King George II of England. After her death (1751) the King in 1752 married Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel. born Aug. 26, 1596, Amberg, Upper Palatinate died Nov. 29, 1632, Mainz, Ger. elector Palatine of the Rhine, king of Bohemia (as Frederick I, 161920), and head of the Protestant union against Catholic Austria at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. After receiving a French education, Frederick succeeded his father, the elector Frederick IV, in 1610. When the Protestant Bohemian estates revolted against the Catholic emperor Ferdinand II and offered the crown to the young elector, he accepted and was crowned in Prague in November 1619. Abandoned by his allies, however, Frederick was routed in the Battle of the White Mountain, near Prague (Nov. 8, 1620), by the armies of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Graf von Tilly. Two armies, raised by Ernst von Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick in 1621, fought for Frederick's cause in western Germany, but they were defeated within two years. Spanish and Bavarian troops occupied the Palatinate, Frederick's electoral dignities were transferred to Maximilian I of Bavaria (1623), and in 1628 Bavaria annexed the Upper Palatinate. As more Protestant princes entered the widening conflict, one of their aims was the restoration of Frederick, but this was never accomplished. He fled to The Hague in 1622 and for the rest of his life lived on money supplied by the Dutch and English. When Sweden joined the anti-Habsburg coalition, Frederick followed Gustavus II Adolphus in his march across Germany (163032), but he died before he was able to reclaim his throne.