GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE

born July 4, 1807, Nice, French Empire [now in France] died June 2, 1882, Caprera, Italy Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest of Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla Redshirts, contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal House of Savoy. Additional reading Garibaldi's memoirs are most easily available in A. Werner (trans.), Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi, 3 vol. (1889, reprinted 1971; originally published in Italian, 1888), which includes a supplementary volume about him by his friend Jessie White Mario. Another version of the memoirs is Alexandre Dumas (ed.), The Memoirs of Garibaldi, trans. by R.S. Garnett (1931; originally published in French, 1860). Some other of Garibaldi's writings, and many comments on him by contemporaries, may be found in Denis Mack Smith (compiler), Garibaldi (1957, reissued 1969). Three excellent studies are George Macaulay Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic, new ed. (1908, reprinted 1971), Garibaldi and the Thousand (1909, reprinted 1979), and Garibaldi and the Making of Italy (1911, reprinted 1982). The shortest modern biography is Denis Mack Smith, Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief (1956, reprinted 1982); more substantial are Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi (1974, reissued 1976); and John Parris, The Lion of Caprera (1962). Among works on his private life by his friends, the most notable are Elpis Melena (pseudonym of Marie Esperance Brandt von Schwartz), Garibaldi: Recollections of His Public and Private Life, trans. by Charles Edwardes (1887); and Candido Augusto Vecchi, Garibaldi at Caprera, trans. from Italian (1862). A recent biography in English is Benedict S. LiPira, Giuseppe Garibaldi: A Biography of the Father of Modern Italy (1998).