HAND

grasping organ at the end of the forelimb of certain vertebrates, exhibiting great mobility and flexibility in the digits and in the whole organ. It is made up of the wrist joint, the carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges. The digits include a medial thumb (when viewed with the palm down), containing two phalanges, and four fingers, each containing three phalanges. The major function of the hand in all vertebrates except man is locomotion; bipedal locomotion in man frees the hands for a largely manipulative function. In primates the tips of the fingers are covered by fingernailsa specialization that improves manipulation. The palms and undersides of the fingers are marked by creases and covered by ridges called fingerprints or palm prints, which function to improve tactile sensitivity and grip. The friction ridges are arranged in general patterns that are peculiar to each species but that differ in detail. No two individuals are alike, and in humans the patterns are used for identification. The thumb is usually set at an angle distinct from the other digits; in humans and the great apes it rotates at the carpometacarpal joint, and it is therefore opposable to the other fingers and may be used in combination with them to pick up small objects. Among the apes and some New World monkeys the hand is specialized for brachiationhand-over-hand swinging through the trees. Digits two to five are elongated and used in clasping tree limbs; the thumb is reduced and little used in swinging. Terrestrial monkeys, such as the baboon, do not have reduced thumbs and can carry out precise movements with fingers and opposing thumb. The development of dexterity in the hands and increase in brain size are believed to have occurred together in the evolution of humans. ancient unit of length, now standardized at 4 inches (10.16 cm) and used today primarily for measuring the height of horses from the ground to the withers (top of the shoulders). The unit was originally defined as the width of a man's hand from the little finger to the thumb. A statute of Henry VIII of England established the hand at four inches. Units of various lengths, known as hand, or palm, were used by ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and others.