HEROIC PROSE

narrative prose tales that are the counterpart of heroic poetry in subject, outlook, and dramatic style. Whether composed orally or written down, the stories are meant to be recited, and they employ many of the formulaic expressions of oral tradition. A remarkable body of this prose is the early Irish Ulaid (Ulster) cycle of stories, recorded between the 8th and 11th centuries, featuring the hero C Chulainn (Cuchulain) and his associates. The cycle's events are set in the 1st century BC and reflect the customs of a pre-Christian aristocracy who fight from chariots, take heads as trophies, and are influenced by Druids. A 12th-century group of Irish stories is the Fenian cycle, focusing on the hero Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool), his son, the poet Oisn (Ossian), and his elite corps of warriors and hunters, the Fianna ireann. Interspersed in the narratives are passages of verse, usually speeches, that are often older than the prose. Because of the verse sections, it is thought that these stories may derive from a lost body of heroic poetry. Among the Irish tales only the Ulaid story "The Cattle Raid of Cooley" has the scope of an epic, but it survives in a much mutilated text. The formulaic and poetic language of the Irish cycles is admirably preserved in Lady Gregory's retelling of the stories Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902) and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). Other examples of heroic prose are the 13th-century Icelandic sagas. The "heroic sagas," such as the Vlsunga saga (c. 1270) and the Thidriks saga (c. 1250), are based on ancient Germanic oral tradition of the 4th to 6th century and contain many lines from lost heroic lays. Of higher artistic quality are the "Icelander sagas," such as Grettis saga (Grettir the Strong) and Njls saga (both c. 1300), dealing with native Icelandic families, who live by the grim and complicated code of the blood feud.