HOOD, THOMAS

born May 23, 1799, London died May 3, 1845, London English poet whose humanitarian verses, such as The Song of the Shirt, served as models for a whole school of social-protest poets, not only in Britain and the U.S. but in Germany and Russia, where he was widely translated. He also is notable as a writer of comic verse, having originated several durable forms for that genre. The son of a bookseller, Hood was apprenticed to an engraver as a young boy. In 1815 he was sent to Dundee for his health's sake (his lifelong illness is thought to have been rheumatic heart disease). On his return to London in 1817 he resumed work as an engraver and then became a sort of sub-editor of the London Magazine during its heyday, when its circle of brilliant contributors included Charles Lamb, Thomas De Quincey, and William Hazlitt. In 1827 he published a volume of poems strongly influenced by Keats, The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies. Several of the poems in it suggest that Hood might possibly have become a poet of the first rank. However, the success of his amusing Odes and Addresses to Great People (1825), written in collaboration with his brother-in-law, J.H. Reynolds, virtually obliged him to concentrate on humorous writing for the rest of his life. There is something sinister about Hood's sense of humour, a trait that was to reappear in the black comedy of the latter 20th century. His pages are thronged with comic mourners and undertakers, and a corpse is always good for a laugh. He was famous for his punning, which appears at times to be almost a reflex action, serving as a defense against painful emotion. Of his later poems, the grim ballads The Dream of Eugene Aram, the Murderer and The Last Man, The Song of the Shirt, The Lay of the Labourer, and The Bridge of Sighs are moving protests against social evils of the daysweated labour, unemployment, and the double sexual standard.