HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

the process of growth and change that takes place between birth and maturity. Human growth is far from being a simple and uniform process of becoming taller or larger. As a child gets bigger, there are changes in shape and in tissue composition and distribution. In the newborn infant the head represents about a quarter of the total length; in the adult it represents about one-seventh. In the newborn infant the muscles constitute a much smaller percentage of the total body mass than in the young adult. In most tissues, growth consists both of the formation of new cells and the packing in of more protein or other material into cells already present; early in development cell division predominates and later cell filling. Additional reading Overviews of the topic are provided by Manuel Hernndez (M. Hernndez Rodrguez) and Jess Argente (eds.), Human Growth: Basic and Clinical Aspects (1992), conference proceedings; Frank Falkner and J.M. Tanner (eds.), Human Growth, 3 vol. (197879), with vol. 1 and 3 in a 2nd ed. (1986); Barry Bogin, Patterns of Human Growth (1988), a sophisticated discourse for advanced students and researchers in bioanthropology on the evolution, population variations, and mathematical and biological models of human growth patterns; and Esmail Meisami and Paola S. Timiras (eds.), Handbook of Human Growth and Developmental Biology, 3 vol. in 7 (198890).On human anatomy in particular, Elaine N. Marieb, Human Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd ed. (1995); and Alexander P. Spence, Basic Human Anatomy, 3rd ed. (1990), are widely used introductory texts for undergraduate students. Various aspects of human anatomy are covered in Keith L. Moore and Anne M.R. Agur, Essential Clinical Anatomy (1995); Frank J. Slaby, Susan K. McCune, and Robert W. Summers, Gross Anatomy in the Practice of Medicine (1994); Anne M.R. Agur and Ming J. Lee, Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, 9th ed. (1991); Ronald G. Wolff, Functional Chordate Anatomy (1991), a textbook that integrates body functions across systems, including basic concepts of embryonic development, phylogeny, and some of the anatomic correlates of behaviour; Kurt E. Johnson, Human Developmental Anatomy (1989); Kenneth M. Backhouse and Ralph T. Hutchings, A Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy: Clinical and Applied (1986); Henry Clay, Anatomy of the Human Body, 30th American ed. edited by Carmine D. Clemente (1985); James E. Crouch, Functional Human Anatomy, 4th ed. (1985); W. Henry Holinshead, Textbook of Anatomy, 4th ed. (1985); and Robert L. Bacon and Nelson R. Niles, Medical Histology: A Text-Atlas with Introductory Pathology (1983).Gilbert B. Forbes, Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition, and Activity (1987), is a good source of introductory information for general readers interested in the effects of growth and aging on human body composition. Han C.G. Kemper (ed.), Growth, Health, and Fitness of Teenagers: Longitudinal Research in International Perspective (1985), reports on a study of age-related changes in the physical growth and physical activity and performance of teenagers in The Netherlands. Robert M. Malina and Claude Bouchard, Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity (1991), is a well-organized textbook for students interested in human growth and its relation to body composition and physical performance. R.J. Shephard and J. Parzkov (eds.), Human Growth, Physical Fitness, and Nutrition (1991), contains a nicely presented, invaluable collection of research papers for health scientists and clinicians concerned with nutrition and physical fitness in children during their growing years. David Sinclair, Human Growth After Birth, 5th ed. (1989), provides a clear, basic textbook for nursing and other health profession students and general readers.