INSTITUT CANADIEN

literary and scientific society that came into conflict with the Roman Catholic church in 19th-century French Canada. Founded in Montreal on Dec. 17, 1844, it soon became a forum for discussing the problems of the day, maintaining the largest free library in Montreal. The membership of the parent organization in Montreal reached 700, and branches were established all over French-speaking Canada. In general, the Institut Canadien became the centre of a movement critical in tone and liberal in spirit, with neither approval of nor respect for the conservatively orthodox institutionalism of church and state in Quebec. The institute publicly displayed books that were listed by the church as undesirable. Because of these tendencies, the institute came under attack by ecclesiastical leaders, foremost among whom was Ignace Bourget, bishop of Montreal from 1840 to 1876. By 1858 all the branches of the institute outside Montreal ceased to function, but the parent body refused to change its course and in 1865 appealed to Rome. Meanwhile, in 1868, the other Canadian bishops declared their support of Bourget's position. In 1869 the church formally condemned the movement, and most of its active membership withdrew. The Montreal institute survived until after the end of the century but was no longer particularly influential.