JOHN OF JERUSALEM

born c. 356 died 417 theologian and bishop, a strong advocate of the Platonistic Alexandrian tradition during the 5th-century doctrinal controversies of the Eastern church, and co-author of a celebrated collection of catechetical conferences on the Jerusalem Christian creed. A monk from his early years, John succeeded the noted theologian Cyril of Jerusalem as bishop about 387. In 393 he was attacked by the Latin biblical scholar St. Jerome and by the influential Bishop Epiphanius of Constantia (now Salamis, Cyprus) for adhering to the views of Origen of Alexandria. When Epiphanius incited the Palestinian monks to anti-Origenism, John retaliated by denying them access to the holy places in Jerusalem and refusing to baptize their converts or bury their dead. In the fall of 396, Jerome published a virulent manifesto denouncing John. The consequent scandal reverberated throughout the Greek and Western churches. Reconciled with Jerome at Easter in 397, through the mediation of Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, John remained neutral in the continuing Origenist polemic between Jerome and his former theological colleague Tyrannius Rufinus. Contention arose again, however, over Pelagius' teaching that man is capable of leading a moral life without divine help. Though John received him sympathetically in Palestine, Jerome and an emissary from Augustine of Hippo denounced him as heretical at the Jerusalem synod in July 415. When Augustine's disciples invoked the authority of their master against Pelagius, John retorted that in Jerusalem he alone was the Christian authority. He then devised a compromise formula, distasteful to Jerome, declaring that God can enable the earnest man to avoid sin. Pelagius was judged free of doctrinal error, which was confirmed in December 415 at the metropolitan Council of Diospolis. Soon afterward, John tacitly permitted the Pelagians to sack the monastery at Bethlehem, a centre of vehement anti-Pelagianism, and was sharply reproved by Pope Innocent I. John is credited with the possible partial authorship, long attributed to Cyril of Jerusalem, of the theologically esteemed Catecheses, a series of Easter instructions for the newly baptized. An English translation of the Catecheses was edited by F. L. Cross (1951).