KEW GARDENS

formally The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, botanical garden located at Kew, site of a former royal estate in the London borough of Richmond upon Thames. Privately owned gardens were tended at Kew from as early as the 16th century. The site was acquired from the Capel family in 1731 by Frederick Louis, prince of Wales, and by Augusta, dowager princess of Wales, who established a garden for exotic plants in 1759. By 1769 it contained more than 3,400 plant species. The gardens became famous under the management (17721819) of Sir Joseph Banks, and its collections grew to include specimens from all over the world. Under the direction (184165) of Sir William Jackson Hooker and his son Joseph Dalton Hooker (186585), the Kew Gardens became a centre for scientific research and the international exchange of plant specimens. In 1840 the gardens were conveyed to the nation, and by the early 20th century the grounds were expanded to the present size of 300 acres (120 hectares). Kew originated the plantation industry of rubber and still plays an important role in plant introduction and as a quarantine station. (See BTW: Hevea brasiliensis and the rise of Asian plantation rubber.) Kew Gardens contains some 33,400 taxa of living plants, an Herbarium of approximately seven million dried specimens representing 98 percent of the world's plant genera, and a library of some 130,000 volumes in addition to archived materials, periodicals, and prints and drawings. The collections of tropical orchids, succulents, tropical ferns, and Australian plants are exceptionally fine. Since 1965 Kew has administered a botanical outstation at Wakehurst Place, West Sussex; in 1974 the Kew Seed Bank was established there. Sir William Chambers designed the Orangery (1761), a superb example of Georgian architecture; the Pagoda (175762), a 163-foot- (49.7-metre-) high Chinese-style tower; and several lesser monuments and landmarks. Newer constructions include the Princess of Wales Conservatory (1987), the Sir Joseph Banks Centre for Economic Botany (1990), and a visitors centre (1992). A new Japanese Garden was officially opened at Kew in 1996. Among the publications of the institution are the Kew Bulletin (issued quarterly) and Kew Scientist (issued biannually). The Index Kewensis, which is edited at Kew, maintains a record of all described higher plant species of the world from the time of Linnaeus. Additional reading Lucile Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens (1979), treats the Kew's role in 18th- and 19th-century colonial science and agriculture. Mea Allan, The Hookers of Kew, 17851911 (1967), discusses Kew under the Hookers' tenures. Two general books are William Bertram Turrill, The Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew, Past and Present (1959); and Ray Desmond, Kew: The History of the Royal Botanic Gardens (1995).