LIVINGSTONE, DAVID

born March 19, 1813, Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scot. died May 1, 1873, Chitambo, Barotseland [now in Zambia] Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence upon Western attitudes toward Africa. Additional reading The following books by David Livingstone himself are fundamental: Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (1857); Dr. Livingstone's Cambridge Lectures, ed. by W. Monk (1858); Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries and of the Discovery of Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 18581867 (1865); The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, 2 vol., ed. by H. Waller (1874).The most useful biography of Livingstone is George Seaver, David Livingstone: His Life and Letters (1957). A much older work, still useful for personal details, is W.G. Blaikie, The Personal Life of David Livingstone (1880). Various aspects of Livingstone's life and work are examined in: Reginald Coupland, Livingstone's Last Journey (1945); Frank Debenham, The Way to Ilala (1955), valuable for Livingstone as a geographer; Michael Gelfand, Livingstone the Doctor, His Life and Travels: A Study in Medical History (1957); I. Schapera (ed.), David Livingstone: Family Letters, 18411856, 2 vol. (1959), Livingstone's Private Journals, 18511853 (1960), and Livingstone's African Journal, 18531856, 2 vol. (1963); George Shepperson (ed.), David Livingstone and the Rovuma (1965); J.P.R. Wallis (ed.), The Zambezi Expedition of David Livingstone, 18581863 (1956); James Stewart, The Zambesi Journal, 18621863 (1952); and George Martelli, Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition, 18581864 (1970). The following articles are also useful: R.C. Bridges, The Sponsorship and Financing of Livingstone's Last Journey, African Historical Studies, 1:79104 (1968), and George Shepperson, David Livingstone the Scot, The Scottish Historical Review, 39:113121 (1960).