MANUEL, NIKLAUS

also (erroneously) called Deutsch born c. 1484, , Bern died April 28, 1530, Bern painter, soldier, writer, and statesman, notable Swiss representative of the ideas of the Italian and German Renaissance and the Reformation. The art of Albrecht Drer and Hans Baldung-Grien and of the painters of northern Italy prompted Manuel to eschew the prevailing late medieval style and to attempt new forms of expression in his drawings, portraits, and mythological and biblical paintings, most of which were done between 1515 and 1520. A self-assured, impulsive temperament permeates his vigorous, polemical anticlerical writings (mainly plays, written 152226). Later he spent his energies in political activities as a member of the Bern city councils. His paintings include the Dance of Death (151619, destroyed 1660), Pyramus and Thisbe, and The Beheading of John the Baptist. Among his literary works are Der Ablasskrmer (1526; The Seller of Indulgences), Testament der Messe (1528; Testament of the Mass), and Fastnachtsspiele (1540; Carnival Play). His Smtliche Dichtungen (Collected Works), edited by J. Bchtold, appeared in 1878.