BAND, THE

Canadian-American band that began as the backing group for both Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan, then branched out on its own in 1968. The Band's pioneering blend of traditional country, folk, old-time string band, blues, and rock music brought them critical acclaim in the late 1960s and '70s and served as a template for Americana, the movement of hybrid, roots-oriented music that emerged in the late 1990s. The members were Jaime (Robbie) Robertson (b. July 5, 1944, Toronto, Ont., Can.), Levon Helm (b. May 26, 1940, Marvell, Ark., U.S.), Rick Danko (b. Dec. 9, 1943, Simcoe, Ont., Can.d. Dec. 10, 1999, Marbletown, New York), Richard Manuel (b. April 3, 1945, Stratford, Ont., Can.d. March 4, 1986, Winter Park, Fla., U.S.), and Garth Hudson (b. Aug. 2, 1937, London, Ont., Can.). Robertson, Helm, Danko, Manuel, and Hudson were five self-effacing sidemen pushed into becoming a self-contained group by Dylan, the star in whose shadow they grew. Robertson was the group's principal writer and guitarist. Drummer Helm was a good old boy from Arkansas, the sole American in a lineup of displaced Canadians. Danko was the amiable hayseed on bass and occasional fiddle. Pianist Manuel sang blues ballads in a wrenching Ray Charles baritone. And Hudson's otherworldly keyboard doodles were the glue that held the whole operation together. At their peak, from 1968 to 1973, the quintet embodied better than any other group the sense of the American past that came to haunt pop culture after the hippie ideals of the 1960s had crashed to the ground. The real midwife to the Band's birth was Hawkins, a rockabilly diehard from Arkansas who ventured up to Canada in the spring of 1958. As Hawkins's lieutenant, Helm, still a teenager, helped recruit the young OntariansRobertson, Danko, Manuel, and Hudsonwho replaced the original members of Hawkins's backing band, the Hawks. At a point when Fabian ruled the pop airwaves, the razorback rock and roll of the new Hawks was welcome only in the scuzziest roadhouses. During these years on the road, Robertson absorbed much of the flavour of life below the Mason and Dixon Line that would permeate Band songs like The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down (1969). In 1964 the Hawks figured they could make it without Hawkins. During their summer residency on the New Jersey seaboard, Dylan got wind of their reputation and, after playing with Robertson, hired the group to back him on his first electric toura tour so controversial among folk purists that Helm could not take the pressure and quit. For the Hawks it was a baptism by fire, and it all but burned them out. In 1967, in an effort to recuperate, the group (minus Helm) followed Dylan to Woodstock, New York. In nearby West Saugerties they gathered daily in the basement of Big Pink, a secluded ranch house. Here the five men put together a rambling repertoire of old country, folk, and blues songs that later leaked out as a series of basement tape bootlegs and then as the double album The Basement Tapes (1975). When Helm returned to the fold, Dylan began urging the Bandas they were now known locallyto go it alone. The immediate result of this separation was Music from Big Pink (1968), a wholly original fusion of country, gospel, rock, and rhythm and blues that, more than any other album of the period, signaled rock's retreat from psychedelic excess and blues bombast into something more soulful, rural, and reflective. Yet it was The Band (1969) that really defined the group's grainy character. Recorded in a makeshift studio in Los Angeles in early 1969, the album was a timeless distillation of American experience from the Civil War to the 1960s. After the many years spent backing Hawkins and Dylan, the Band was ill-prepared for the vulnerability they felt singing their own songs onstage. After a disastrous debut at Winterland in San Francisco, they played to the massed tribes of the 1969 Woodstock festival. We felt like a bunch of preacher boys looking into purgatory, recalled Robertson. This sense of alienation from the spirit of rock was reflected in Stage Fright (1970), an album full of foreboding and depression. Ironically, the record preceded the Band's most intensive period of touring, during which they became the formidable live unit of the magnificent Rock of Ages (1972). The Band's experience on the road seemed to affect their confidenceparticularly that of Robertson in his role as chief songwriter. Whereas The Band had sounded fresh and intuitive, Cahoots (1971) was laboured and didactic. After a mostly lost year in 1972, when Manuel's alcoholism became chronic, they trod water with Moondog Matinee (1973), an album of fine cover versions, then hitched their wagon once again to Dylan for the highly successful tour that produced Before the Flood (1974). Just as they had followed Dylan to Woodstock, so the Band now decamped to southern California. The move suited Robertson, who acclimated quickly to the Hollywood lifestyle, but the others felt like fish out of water. Northern LightsSouthern Cross (1975) at least proved that the Band had not lost its keen musical empathy, but, when Robertson suggested dissolving the group after a final show at Winterland, he encountered little resistance. Staged on Thanksgiving Day (November 25), 1976, this Band and friends finale was immortalized by Martin Scorsese's film The Last Waltz (1978), with guest appearances by Dylan, Neil Young, and others. With only the lacklustre Islands (1977) as a last, contract-honouring memento of their career, the Band quickly fragmented. In 1983, sans Robertson, the group re-formed and played a less-than-spectacular tour. Three years later, Manuel was found hanging from a shower curtain in a Florida motel room. Helm, Hudson, and Danko, who moved back to Woodstock, continued to operate as the Band and released three indifferent albums in the 1990s. Robertson remained in Los Angeles, where he made three solo albums and created film soundtracks. The Band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Barney Hoskyns Additional reading Levon Helm and Stephen Davis, This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band (1993), is a racy, from-the-horse's-mouth account of the group's rise and flameout; however, it is marred by its considerable enmity toward Robbie Robertson. Barney Hoskyns, Across the Great Divide: The Band and America (1993), is, at the very least, a more detached view of the group's dynamic and perhaps a more focused celebration of its musical achievement. Greil Marcus, Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock 'n' Roll Music, 4th rev. ed. (1997), The Band: Pilgrims' Progress, pp. 3964, is justly celebrated for its rooting of the group in American history. Representative Works: Music from Big Pink (1968) The Band (1969) Stage Fright (1970) Rock of Ages (1972) Moondog Matinee (1973) Northern LightsSouthern Cross (1975)