MOTION


Meaning of MOTION in English

in parliamentary rules of order, a procedure by which proposals are submitted for the consideration of deliberative assemblies. If a motion is in order, it then becomes subject to the action of the assembly. See parliamentary procedure. In procedural law, a motion is an application to a court or judge for a ruling or order. Generally speaking, a motion is an oral application, as opposed to a petition, which is written. in physics, change of position of a body relative to another body or with respect to a frame of reference or a coordinate system. All motions take place on definite paths, and the nature of these paths determines the character of the motions. If all points in a body have similar but not necessarily straight paths relative to another body, the first body has motion of translation relative to the second body. If the paths are straight, it is called rectilinear translation. In both cases all points in the body have the same velocity (directed speed) and the same acceleration (time rate of change of velocity). If all points in a body have different paths on another body, the motion of the first body relative to the second is a combination of translation and rotation. Rotation occurs when any line on a body changes its orientation relative to a line on another body. For example, on a reciprocating engine, one end of the connecting rod is attached by a hinge-type joint (the wrist pin) to the piston and moves with it on a straight path relative to the cylinder block, while the other end of the rod is attached by a hinge-type joint (the crankpin) to the crankshaft and moves with it on a circular path relative to the block. Bodies connected by hinges can only rotate relative to one another. Consequently, the motion of the connecting rod relative to the piston and relative to the crankshaft is pure rotation. Relative to the block, the motion is a combination of translation and rotation, which is the most general type of plane motioni.e., motion in parallel planes relative to the block. All motions are relative, but the term relative motion is usually reserved for motion relative to a moving bodyi.e., motion on a moving path. Strictly speaking, Newton's laws of motion are valid only for motions on paths that are fixed to the centre of the solar system. These are known as absolute paths, and, because the Earth rotates and moves around the Sun, motion relative to the Earth is not absolute motion. In most cases, however, the effects of the Earth's motion on calculations involving Newton's laws are small and can be neglected. Motions relative to the Earth or to any body that is fixed to the Earth are assumed to be absolute. In addition to rotating about moving axes, like the connecting rod, or about a fixed axis, like the crankshaft, a body can also rotate about a fixed point. This is the type of motion that a spinning top executes. See also dynamics.

Britannica English vocabulary.      Английский словарь Британика.