MURRAY, JOSEPH E.

born April 1, 1919, Milford, Mass., U.S. Joseph E. Murray, left, receiving the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine from King Carl XVI in full Joseph Edward Murray American surgeon who in 1990 was cowinner (with E. Donnall Thomas) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in lifesaving organ- and tissue-transplant techniques. Murray received a bachelor of arts degree (1940) from Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass., and a medical degree (1943) from Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass. He completed his surgical residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (later Brigham and Women's Hospital), Boston, where he began his prizewinning research. From 1964 to 1986 he served as chief plastic surgeon at Brigham, and from 1972 to 1985 he was chief plastic surgeon at Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston. He also became professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School in 1970. While grafting skin on wounded soldiers during World War II, Murray observed that grafts were compatible only between identical twins. Thinking that such might be the case for transplanted internal organs as well, he experimented with kidney transplants in dogs. In 1954 he performed a kidney transplant for an individual whose genetically identical twin volunteered to donate a kidney; the recipient survived for several years. Murray continued to search for ways of suppressing a patient's immune system to keep it from rejecting genetically foreign parts. With the use of immunosuppressive drugs, in 1962 he performed the first successful kidney transplant using a kidney from a donor unrelated to his patient. Eventually he was able to successfully transplant a kidney from a cadaver.