PENNY DREADFUL

plural penny dreadfuls, also called bloods an inexpensive novel of violent adventure or crime that was especially popular in mid-to-late Victorian England. Penny dreadfuls were often issued in eight-page installments. The appellation, like dime novel and shilling shocker, usually connotes rather careless and second-rate writing as well as gory themes. The genre has, however, had its highbrow defenders, most notably the English writer G.K. Chesterton. "Sensational novels are the most moral part of modern fiction," he wrote in "Fiction as Food." Any "literature that represents our life as dangerous and startling is truer than any literature that represents it as dubious and languid. For life is a fight and is not a conversation." Among the notably prolific writers of the penny dreadful were James Malcolm Rymer (pseudonym Malcolm J. Errym) and Thomas Peckett Prest. A collection of penny dreadfuls might include such titles as Vice and Its Victim, The Death Grasp; or, A Father's Curse, and Varney, the Vampire; or, The Feast of Blood. Later penny dreadfuls were more associated with adventure than gore and were often written for boys. In modern parlance, penny dreadful refers to any story or periodical characterized by sensationalism and violence.