PHILIP, JOHN

born April 14, 1775, Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scot. died Aug. 27, 1851, Hankey, Cape Colony [now in South Africa] controversial Scottish missionary in South Africa who championed the rights of the Africans against the European settlers. In 1818, at the invitation of the London Missionary Society, Philip left his congregation in Aberdeen, where he had served since 1804, to investigate the conditions at mission stations in South Africa. His findings led to a condemnation of the colonists for their harsh treatment of the Khoikhoin (Hottentots). Subsequently appointed the first superintendent for the missions of the society, Philip devoted the rest of his life to promoting the cause of the Africans. He was unpopular among the settlers and ignored by local authorities, but he aroused philanthropic sentiment in Britain with his lecture tour in 1826 and his Researches in South Africa (1828). Supported by influential friends, Philip secured the enactment by the British government of an ordinance bestowing equal rights for all the native peoples in South Africa in 1828. He hoped to create a series of native states to the north and east of Cape Colony, but in the end colonial expansion prevailed. To Philip's admirers, he was a high-minded, far-sighted humanitarian who did much to promote the welfare of the Africans. His many white detractors in South Africa saw him as an arbitrary mischief-maker who used false evidence and political intrigue to gain his ends.