PLACE, FRANCIS

born Nov. 3, 1771, London died Jan. 1, 1854, London British radical reformer, best-known for his successful campaign for the repeal in 1824 of the antiunion Combination Acts. The son of a bailiff, Place was drawn into trade club and radical activity after suffering great hardships as a leather-breeches maker. In 1793 he organized an unsuccessful strike of the members of that trade. From 1794 to 1797 he was a member of the London Corresponding Society, one of the first working-class movements. He opened a tailoring shop in 1799 and rapidly became successful. Place was already known as a radical politician when in 1814 he took up the campaign against the Combination Acts, passed in 1799 and 1800, prohibiting the organization of working-class trade associations. In 1824, through Joseph Hume, a member of Parliament, Place brought about the appointment of a parliamentary committee that reported in favour of repealing the acts. Place and Hume argued that repeal would leave the trade and employers' associations equal in status and that, with their legal equity established, it would no longer be necessary for the trade associations to exercise the right to bargain with employers. Manufacturers in turn favoured repeal, feeling that the acts contributed to their difficulty with labour. The repeal legislation passed. The immediate result, however, was an increase in trade unions and their activity. The government, alarmed, failed in its attempt to reverse the repeal, thanks to Place and his allies. In 1831 and 1832 Place rallied the supporters of the Reform Bill in London. Place's only published book was Illustrations and Proofs of the Principle of Population (1822), but his manuscripts and press clippings, an excellent source of political information from 1790 to 1850, are in the British Museum.