RICHARDS, I(VOR) A(RMSTRONG)

born , Feb. 26, 1893, Sandbach, Cheshire, Eng. died Sept. 7, 1979, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire English critic, poet, and teacher who was highly influential in developing a new way of reading poetry that led to the New Criticism (q.v.). A student of psychology, he concluded that poetry performs a therapeutic function by coordinating a variety of human impulses into an aesthetic whole, helping both the writer and the reader maintain their psychological well-being. Richards was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and was a lecturer in English and moral sciences there from 1922 to 1929. In that period he wrote three of his most influential books: The Meaning of Meaning (1923; with C.K. Ogden), a pioneer work on semantics; and Principles of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929), companion volumes developing his critical method. During the 1930s, Richards spent much of his time developing Basic English, a system originated by Ogden that employed only 850 words; Richards believed a universally intelligible language would help to bring about international understanding. He took Basic English to China as a visiting professor at Tsing Hua University (192930) and as director of the Orthological Institute of China (193638). In 1942 he published a version of Plato's Republic in Basic English. He became professor of English at Harvard University in 1944, working mainly in primary education, and emeritus professor there in 1963. His verse has been collected in Internal Colloquies (1971) and New and Selected Poems (1978). His essay collections include Science and Poetry (1926; revised as Poetries and Sciences ), Speculative Instruments (1955), Beyond (1974), and Poetries (1974). Complementarities (1976) includes uncollected essays from 1919 to 1975.