SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

preeminent architectural and sculptural achievements of the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East, as listed by various observers. The best known are those of the 2nd-century-BC writer Antipater of Sidon and of a later but unknown observer of the 2nd century BC who claimed to be the mathematician Philon of Byzantium. Included on the list in its eventual form were the following: Pyramids of Giza, the oldest of the wonders and the only one of the seven substantially in existence today. Artist's re-creation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed c. 8th6th century Hanging Gardens of Babylon (see photograph), a series of landscaped terraces ascribed to either Queen Sammu-ramat or King Nebuchadrezzar II. Statue of Zeus at Olympia, a large, ornate figure of the god on his throne, made about 430 BC by Phidias of Athens. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, a structure famous for its imposing size and for the works of art that adorned it. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, monumental tomb of the Anatolian king Mausolus built by his widow Artemisia. Colossus of Rhodes, a huge bronze statue built at the harbour of Rhodes in commemoration of the raising of the siege of Rhodes (305304 BC). Pharos of Alexandria, the most famous lighthouse of the ancient world, built for Ptolemy II of Egypt about 280 BC on the island of Pharos off Alexandria. Some early lists included the Walls of Babylon or the Palace of King Cyrus of Persia in place of one of the sites noted above. (See also Artemis, Temple of; Rhodes, Colossus of; Giza, Pyramids of; Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Halicarnassus, Mausoleum of; Pharos of Alexandria; Zeus, Statue of.) The seven wonders of Greco-Roman antiquity inspired the compilation of many other lists of attractions, both natural and man-made, by successive generations. Among such lists, all of which are limited to seven wonders, are the (architectural) wonders of the Middle Ages, the natural wonders of the world, the natural wonders of the United States, the (architectural) wonders of the modern world, and the wonders of American engineering.