SINO-FRENCH WAR

(188385), conflict between China and France over Vietnam, which disclosed the inadequacy of China's modernization efforts and aroused nationalistic sentiment in South China. The French had already begun to encroach on Vietnam, China's major protectorate in the south, and by 1880 controlled the three southern provinces, known as Cochinchina. In the 1880s they began to expand northward in Vietnam, stationing troops in Hanoi and Haiphong. The Chinese responded by building up their forces in the area and engaging the French in a series of limited battles. In 1882 the great Chinese viceroy Li Hung-chang negotiated an agreement with France in which the two countries agreed to make the area a joint protectorate. This agreement was, however, rejected by Paris, which dispatched additional troops to North Vietnam. Meanwhile, a war party emerged within the Chinese government and began to pressure the court to take a harder line. But Chinese reinforcements were quickly defeated by the French (1883), and the wavering court attempted to seek a new settlement. The subsequent LiFournier Convention called for the admittance of French trade through the Tongking area of North Vietnam, the withdrawal of Chinese troops from the area, and the recognition of French rights in North Vietnam. In return, China was not required to pay any indemnity. Meanwhile, the war party again became dominant in China, and it refused to accept any loss of sovereignty over Vietnam. Hostilities were therefore resumed. Chang Chih-tung, one of the leading hawks, was appointed to take command of the land forces. He was successful against French forces that had attempted to advance north into South China, but at sea the new Chinese fleet of 11 steamers was destroyed. The great Foochow shipyard, which China had built with French aid, was also demolished. A peace treaty was finally signed at Paris in 1885 in which China agreed to recognize the LiFournier agreement.