SPOONER, JOHN (COIT)

born Jan. 6, 1843, Lawrenceburg, Ind., U.S. died June 11, 1919, New York City U.S. senator from Wisconsin (188591; 18971907), a powerful conservative force in his state and in Congress. Spooner moved to Wisconsin as a youth. After service in the Union Army during the Civil War, he was admitted to the bar (1867). He began a law practice at Hudson, Wis., and eventually became best known in legal circles as counsel for railroad interests. A member of the Wisconsin legislature (1872), he was elected by that body to represent the state of Wisconsin in the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1885 to 1891 and from 1897 to 1907. Spooner emerged as a leading conservative voice in the Senate, consistently opposing labour reform and other progressive measures. With senators Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, William B. Allison of Iowa, and Orville H. Platt of Connecticut, he formed a core of conservative leadership that exerted strong influence on national affairs at the turn of the century. He was author of the Spooner Act (1902), which authorized Pres. Theodore Roosevelt to purchase rights to build the Panama Canal. At the 1904 Republican national convention in Chicago, Spooner, as the head of the regular Wisconsin delegation, became embroiled in a bitter credentials fight with state Progressives led by Robert M. La Follette. Spooner survived the challenge, but the ascendency of Progressivism, especially in Wisconsin, was inevitable. The change in the political climate contributed to Spooner's decision to retire from public life in 1907. He thereafter practiced law in New York City.