SULLIVAN, HARRY STACK

born Feb. 21, 1892, Norwich, N.Y., U.S. died Jan. 14, 1949, Paris U.S. psychiatrist who developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships. He believed that anxiety and other psychiatric symptoms arise in fundamental conflicts between the individual and his human environment and that personality development also takes place by a series of interactions with other people. He made substantial contributions to clinical psychiatry, especially the psychotherapy of schizophrenia, and suggested that the mental functions of schizophrenics, though impaired, are not damaged past repair and can be recovered through therapy. Possessing an extraordinary ability to communicate with schizophrenic patients, he described their behaviour with clarity and insight unrivalled at that time. Sullivan received his M.D. from the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery in 1917. At St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C., he came under the influence of the psychiatrist William Alanson White, who extended the principles of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis to the severely ill, hospitalized psychotic, rather than restricting them to the more functional neurotics treated by most Freudian analysts of the time. In his interviews with schizophrenic patients, Sullivan's uncommon ability in psychoanalysis first became evident. While engaged in clinical research at the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, Towson, Md. (192330), Sullivan became acquainted with the psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, whose practical psychotherapy emphasized psychological and social factors, rather than neuropathology, as the basis for psychiatric disorders. As research director at Pratt from 1925 to 1930, Sullivan showed that it is possible to understand schizophrenics, no matter how bizarre their behaviour, with sufficient contact. He interpreted schizophrenia as the result of disturbed interpersonal relationships in early childhood; by appropriate psychotherapy, Sullivan believed, these sources of behavioral disturbance could be identified and eliminated. Developing his ideas further, he applied them to the organization of a special ward for the group treatment of male schizophrenics (1929). During the same period, he first introduced his concepts into graduate psychiatric training through lectures at Yale University and elsewhere. After 1930 Sullivan devoted himself chiefly to teaching and elaborating his ideas, working with social scientists such as the anthropologist Edward Sapir. He extended his early concept of schizophrenia to a theory of personality, arguing that both normal and abnormal personalities represent enduring patterns of interpersonal relationships, thus giving the environment, in particular the human social environment, the major role in personality development. Sullivan argued that the individual's self-identity is built up over the years through his perceptions of how significant people in his environment regard him. Different stages in the course of behavioral development correspond to different ways of interacting with others. To the infant, the most significant person is its mother; anxiety results from disturbances in the maternal relationship. The child then develops a mode of behaviour that tends to lessen this anxiety, establishing the personality characteristics that will prevail in adulthood. Sullivan helped to found the William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation in 1933 and the Washington (D.C.) School of Psychiatry in 1936, and after World War II he helped establish the World Federation for Mental Health. He also founded (1938) and served as editor of the journal Psychiatry. During the later years of his life he more fully articulated his ideas in The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (1953), The Fusion of Psychiatry and Social Science (1964), and other works. After his death Sullivan's theory of personality and his psychotherapeutic techniques had a continually growing influence, particularly in American psychoanalytic circles.