TAVORAS, CONSPIRACY OF THE

(175859), event in Portuguese history that enabled the Marquess de Pombal, chief minister to King Joseph I, to crush the higher nobility and the Jesuits, who had opposed him. On the night of Sept. 3, 1758, three mounted men ambushed the king's carriage; his coachman drove off rapidly, and the king, though wounded, survived. In December a special court was nominated to investigate the matter; all normal legal procedures were waived, and the court was empowered to use torture. Military troops arrested several members of the nobility, including the Marquess de Tvora and his wife and two sons, along with Gabriel Malagrida and 12 other Jesuits. Under torture the Duke de Aveiro confessed, and servants of his and of the Tvoras gave evidence that implicated the whole Tvora family in the conspiracy; much of this evidence was later retracted. Sentence was pronounced against seven members of the nobilityincluding all four Tvoras and Aveiroand three servants. It was savagely executed, by burning, beheading, or breaking on the wheel and strangling, on Jan. 12, 1759. The verdict of the court was that the Jesuits had collaborated in the plot, and on Sept. 3, 1759, the anniversary of the assassination attempt, they were expelled from Portugal. Malagrida was tried and found guilty of treason and heresy and burned to death on Sept. 20, 1761. For the rest of Joseph's reign, Pombal was virtually the sole ruler. Maria I, who became queen in 1777, reopened the case, most of the nobles involved were vindicated, and restitution of confiscated property was made. Pombal was found guilty of unjudicial acts during his unprecedented reign of terror, but because of his advanced age his only punishment was banishment from Lisbon.