TELL

also spelled Tel, Arabic Tall (hill, or small elevation), in Middle Eastern archaeology, a raised mound marking the site of an ancient city. For specific sites, see under substantive word (e.g., Hasi, Tel). The shape of a tell is generally that of a low truncated cone. In ancient times, houses were constructed of either piled-up mud (pis), lumps of clay pressed together (adobe), or (later) sun-dried or kiln-baked bricks strengthened with straw, gravel, or potsherds. All mud structures, however, crumble easily when exposed to the elements, and that feature, combined with the repeated wholesale destructions from man-made or natural causes, made repairs and rebuildings frequent. Earlier debris was simply leveled off, and new buildings were erected on top of it. Thus, most tells are stratified, with the lower strata usually being older than those above them. Two other terms, hyk and tepe, have almost the same meaning as tall and are often used by archaeologists when referring to ancient sites in other parts of the Middle East.