UNIVERSAL TIME

(UT) the mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian (0 longitude). Universal Time replaced the designation Greenwich Mean Time in 1928; it is now used to denote the solar time (q.v.) when an accuracy of about one second suffices. In 1955 the International Astronomical Union defined several categories of Universal Time of successively increasing accuracy. UT0 represents the initial values of Universal Time obtained by optical observations of star transits at various astronomical observatories. These values differ slightly from each other because of the effects of polar motion (q.v.). UT1, which gives the precise angular coordinate of the Earth about its spin axis, is obtained by correcting UT0 for the effects of polar motion. Finally, an empirical correction to take account of annual changes in the Earth's speed of rotation is added to UT1 to convert it into UT2. Coordinated Universal Time (q.v.), the international basis of civil and scientific time, is obtained from an atomic clock that is adjusted in epoch so as to remain close to UT1; in this way, the solar time that is indicated by Universal Time is kept in close coordination with atomic time.