VOICE

also called Full Voice, in phonetics, the sound that is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. All vowels are normally voiced, but consonants may be either voiced or voiceless (i.e., uttered without vibration of the vocal cords). The liquid consonant l and the nasal m, n, ng (as in sing) are normally voiced in English, and the stops, fricatives, and affricates characteristically possess both voiced and voiceless forms. In English, for example, b is a voiced bilabial stop, whereas p is a voiceless bilabial stop. Of the other stops, fricatives, and affricates, v, d, th (as in this), z, zh (the sound of the s in pleasure), j (as in jam), and g are normally all voiced sounds; while f, t, th (as in thin), s, sh, ch, and k are all voiceless sounds. See also vocal fry; whisper. in grammar, form of a verb indicating the relation between the participants in a narrated event (subject, object) and the event itself. Common distinctions of voice found in languages are those of active, passive, and middle voice. These distinctions may be made by inflection, as in Latin, or by syntactic variation, as in English. The active-passive opposition can be illustrated by the following sentences: The action remains the same, but the focus is different. The subject of an active verb governs the process as an actor, or agent, and the action may take an object as its goal. The passive voice indicates that the subject is being acted upon. The topicalized goal of the action (the bear) is the grammatical subject of the passive sentence and is acted upon by the agent (the hunter), which is the logical, but not the grammatical, subject of the passive sentence. Passive constructions do not always require the agent to be expressed: Although many transitive verbs in English can take either active or passive voice, there are exceptions. Some transitive verbs do not occur in the passive. It is believed that proto-Indo-European distinguished between an active and a middle voice, and it is from the latter that the passive voice in later Indo-European languages developed. The middle voice signifies either an action or a state in which the principal interest is the subject of the verb, as is seen in the following examples from Russian: In the middle voice the subject may or may not be the agent; the focus is on the action affecting him, whereas the passive voice focuses on the recipient of the action. The category of voice is not found in all languages. Languages that can preserve meaning while changing focus by means of different forms of the verb can be analyzed as having the category of voice.