born June 7, 1761, Phantassie, East Lothian, Scot.
died Oct. 4, 1821, London, Eng.
Scottish civil engineer.
He built three bridges across the Thames at London: Waterloo Bridge (since replaced), the old Southwark Bridge (1814–19), and the New London Bridge (completed 1831 and since replaced). He worked on extensive drainage projects in the Lincolnshire fens; built the London and East India docks on the Thames; improved naval dockyards at Plymouth, Portsmouth, Chatham, and Sheerness; and began the great breakwater that shelters Plymouth Sound.