BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWALL

born Jan. 28, 1818, Brookline, Mass., U.S. died Feb. 27, 1905, Groton, Mass. leading Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. Boutwell worked as a clerk while teaching himself law and in 1842 was elected to the state legislature. In 1851 a coalition of antislavery Democrats and Free Soilers elected Boutwell governor of Massachusetts. But Boutwell found it impossible to remain a Democrat as the antislavery controversy intensified during the 1850s. In 1855 he helped organize the Republican Party in Massachusetts, and in 1860 he supported Abraham Lincoln's bid for the presidency. In 1862 Boutwell became the first federal commissioner of internal revenue. After a year of capable administration of the new branch of government, he won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. From 1863 to 1869 he occupied a leadership position among the Radical Republicans in the House. He served on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, and he helped frame and pass the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, relating to former slaves and rebels. Among the most vehement critics of President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, Boutwell led in the movement for Johnson's impeachment in 1867. Two years later, President Ulysses S. Grant named him secretary of the treasury, a position he held until 1873. From 1873 to 1877, Boutwell was a U.S. senator. Then, during Rutherford B. Hayes's administration, the president appointed him to prepare a new codification of the statutes of the United States; the Revised Statutes of the United States (1878) was the result. By 1880 Boutwell was in private law practice in Massachusetts, specializing in questions of international law.