DULL KNIFE

died 1883, Tongue River Indian Reservation, Montana Territory also called Morning Star chief of the northern Cheyenne who led his people on a desperate trek from confinement in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to their home in Montana. Five months after Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer's defeat at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, the cavalry, on a punitive expedition, attacked Dull Knife's camp on the Red Fork of Powder River (Nov. 2526, 1876). Most of his tribe escaped, but their shelters, clothing, blankets, and stores of food were destroyed. By the time that Dull Knife surrendered to the Army, many of his people had succumbed to starvation or exposure. In 1877 the U.S. Army sent him and his tribe to a reservation of southern Cheyenne in Indian Territory. The land was unprofitable, there was little food, and the climate was unhealthy; within two months of their arrival in Oklahoma, two-thirds of the tribe were sick and many died. Dull Knife and other exiled northern Cheyenne leaders pleaded for a reservation for their people in their former territory, but to no avail. Fearing that his tribe would die out, Dull Knife, along with Little Wolf, a war chief of the northern Cheyenne, determined to go home, despite Army opposition. On Sept. 9, 1878, he and Little Wolf led what was left of their people from the reservation. Their combined band consisted of 89 warriors and 246 women and children. They traveled more than 400 miles, managing to defeat or elude the various Army detachments sent to bring them back (more than 10,000 soldiers were employed for this task). In October the Cheyenne crossed the South Platte River of Nebraska, and the followers of Little Wolf and Dull Knife separated. (Little Wolf's band headed northwest, surrendered to the Army on March 25, 1879, and was allowed to remain in Montana.) Dull Knife and his people headed for the Red Cloud Agency, not knowing it had been discontinued. On Oct. 23, 1878, he and his people surrendered peaceably to the Army and were imprisoned in nearby Fort Robinson (Nebraska). When they refused to return to Oklahoma, an attempt was made (from Jan. 5, 1879) to starve them into submission, and the Indians were deprived of heat, food, and water. They broke out of prison on January 9, and, in their dash for freedom, 64 were killed and 78 were eventually recaptured (most of them wounded). Six people, including Dull Knife and surviving members of his family, escaped and made it to the relative safety of the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. By this time, public opinion was on the side of the Indians, forcing the Bureau of Indian Affairs to abandon its plans to relocate them, and a reservation was established for the northern Cheyenne on the Tongue and Rosebud rivers, where Dull Knife and his people (fewer than 80 remaining) were finally allowed to settle, rejoining Little Wolf's band. The flight of the Cheyenne was described by Mari Sandoz in her work Cheyenne Autumn (1953).