ELECTRIC CHARGE

quantity of electricity that flows in electric currents or that accumulates on the surfaces of dissimilar nonmetallic substances that are rubbed together vigorously. Electric charge, a basic property of matter, occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor destroyed. Electric charges are of two general types: positive and negative. Two objects that have an excess of one type of charge exert a force of repulsion on each other when relatively close together. Two objects that have excess opposite charges, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, attract each other when relatively near. See Coulomb force. Many fundamental, or subatomic, particles of matter have the property of electric charge. For example, electrons have negative charge and protons have positive charge, but neutrons have zero charge. The negative charge of each electron is found by experiment to have the same magnitude, which is also equal to that of the positive charge of each proton. Charge thus exists in natural units equal to the charge of an electron or a proton, a fundamental physical constant. A direct and convincing measurement of an electron's charge, as a natural unit of electric charge, was first made (1909) in the Millikan oil-drop experiment (q.v.). Atoms of matter are electrically neutral because their nuclei contain the same number of protons as there are electrons surrounding the nuclei. Electric current and charged objects involve the separation of some of the negative charge of neutral atoms. Current in metal wires consists of a drift of electrons of which one or two from each atom are more loosely bound than the rest. Some of the atoms in the surface layer of a glass rod positively charged by rubbing it with a silk cloth have lost electrons, leaving a net positive charge owing to the unneutralized protons of their nuclei. A negatively charged object has an excess of electrons on its surface. Electric charge is conserved: in any isolated system, in any chemical or nuclear reaction, the net electric charge is constant. The algebraic sum of the fundamental charges remains the same. See charge conservation. The unit of electric charge in the metrekilogramsecond and SI systems is the coulomb, equivalent to the net amount of electric charge that flows through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each second when the current has a value of one ampere. One coulomb consists of 6.24 1018 natural units of electric charge, such as individual electrons or protons. One electron itself has a negative charge of 1.60217733 10-19 coulomb. In the centimetregramsecond system there are two units of electric charge: the electrostatic unit of charge, esu, or statcoulomb; and the electromagnetic unit of charge, emu, or abcoulomb. One coulomb of electric charge equals 3,000,000,000 esu, or one-tenth emu. An electrochemical unit of charge, the faraday, is useful in describing electrolysis reactions, such as in metallic electroplating. One faraday equals 9.6485309 104 coulombs, the charge of a mole of electrons (that is, an Avogadro's number, 6.0221367 1023, of electrons).