HEILBRUN, CAROLYN

born Jan. 13, 1926, East Orange, N.J., U.S. in full Carolyn Gold Heilbrun, pseudonym Amanda Cross American scholar and feminist literary critic who became known for the mystery stories she published under a pseudonym. Heilbrun attended Wellesley (Massachusetts) College (B.A., 1947) and Columbia University, New York City (M.A., 1951; Ph.D., 1959), and in 1960 joined the faculty of Columbia. Among her scholarly works are The Garnett Family (1961), about the British literary family that included noted translator Constance Garnett, and Christopher Isherwood (1970). Heilbrun also edited Lady Ottoline's Album (1976) and coedited The Representation of Women in Fiction (1983). In Toward a Recognition of Androgyny (1973) and Reinventing Womanhood (1979), she examined the role of androgyny in creative writing and the effects of rigid gender roles. Hamlet's Mother and Other Women (1990) is a collection of her feminist literary essays. Later nonfiction works by Heilbrun include The Education of a Woman: The Life of Gloria Steinem (1995) and The Last Gift of Time: Life Beyond Sixty (1997). Not until Heilbrun received tenure from Columbia did she reveal that she was the author of the Amanda Cross mysteries, which feature Kate Fansler, a professor of literature and an amateur detective, and are typically set in academic surroundings. Freudian analysis helps solve the first mystery, In the Last Analysis (1964). The poetry of W.H. Auden plays an important role in Poetic Justice (1970), and Sophocles' Antigone proves pertinent to a draft resister during the Vietnam War in The Theban Mysteries (1971). Feminist concerns emerge in several of the novels, and modern race relations provide a theme for A Trap for Fools (1989).