JHELUM RIVER

river, westernmost of the five rivers in the Punjab that ultimately drain into the Indus River in Pakistan. The Jhelum rises from a deep spring at Vernag, in the Indian-held sector of Jammu and Kashmir state. The river meanders northwestward from the northern slope of the Pir Panjal Range through the Vale of Kashmir to Wular Lake, which controls its flow. Emerging from the lake, the Jhelum crosses the Pir Panjal in a 7,000-foot (2,100-metre) gorge with almost perpendicular sides. At Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Kashmir in the Pakistani-held sector of Jammu and Kashmir, the Jhelum joins the Kishanganga River and then bends southward, forming part of the border between Azad Kashmir (east) and Northwest Frontier province, Pakistan (west). The river then flows southward into Pakistan proper. Near Mangla, the Jhelum breaks through the Siwalik Range into broad alluvial plains. At Jhelum town the river turns southwestward along the Salt Range to Khushab, where it again bends south to join the Chenab River near Trimmu. The total length of the Jhelum is about 450 miles (725 km). The lower course of the Jhelum has been developed for irrigation and the production of hydroelectric power. The Mangla Dam and Reservoir irrigates about 3,000,000 acres (1,200,000 hectares) and has an installed hydroelectric capacity of at least 300 megawatts. The Upper Jhelum Canal leaves the river at Mangla and runs eastward to the Chenab River at Khanki, while the Lower Jhelum Canal starts at Rasul. Both canals are used for irrigation. The Jhelum River is believed to be the Hydaspes mentioned by Arrian, Alexander the Great's historian, and the Bidaspes mentioned by Ptolemy.