KELSEN, HANS

born Oct. 11, 1881, Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary [now in Czech Republic] died April 20, 1973, Berkeley, Calif., U.S. Austrian-American legal philosopher, teacher, jurist, and writer on international law, who formulated a kind of positivism known as the pure theory of law. Kelsen was a professor at Vienna, Cologne, Geneva, and the German university in Prague. He wrote the Austrian constitution adopted in 1920 and served as a judge of the Austrian Supreme Constitutional Court (192030). After immigrating to the United States in 1940, he taught at Harvard, the University of California at Berkeley, and the Naval War College, Newport, R.I. Kelsen's pure theory was first presented in Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (1911; Chief Problems of the Doctrine of International Law). He considered that a theory of law should validate and give order to law itself. By pure he meant that a theory of law should be logically self-supporting and should not depend on extralegal values. Fundamental to a system of law is some assumption (Grundnorm) that is accepted by a substantial proportion of the community. Kelsen nevertheless admitted the relevance of sociology and ethics to the lawmaking process and to the content of laws. Among Kelsen's later books are General Theory of Law and State (1945) and The Law of the United Nations (195051). In such works as Principles of International Law (1952) he envisioned a world unity under law superimposed on the legal order within each nation.