LAW, PHILOSOPHY OF

the formulation of concepts and theories to aid in understanding the nature of law, the sources of its authority, and its role in society. In English-speaking countries the term jurisprudence is often used synonymously and is invariably used in reference to particular subdivisions of the field. To the extent that it implies some necessary link or coincidence with general philosophy, the phrase philosophy of law may be somewhat misleading, for philosophy of law is mostly untouched by the conflicts of different philosophical schools, and its practitioners may without incongruity draw on diverse philosophical outlookson Logical Positivism for some analytical problem of the structure of legal orders and, simultaneously, on Existentialism for a problem of sociological jurisprudence or justice, for examplewithout commitment in any such instance to an entire philosophical outlook. Nor can one treat philosophy of law as a specialized branch of philosophy such as ethical or political philosophy, epistemology, or logic, for in philosophy of law all these branches may make contributions. Ideas that may illumine jurisprudential problems must indeed be sought not only in philosophy but in all systematic bodies of thought. Only if philosophy is interpreted in its least technical and broadest sense does philosophy of law cease to be a misnomer. Additional reading Leading treatises in English include A. Ross, Om ret og retfaerdighed (1953; Eng. trans., On Law and Justice, 1958); W. Friedmann, Legal Theory, 5th ed. (1967); H. Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (1945); G.W. Paton, A Text-Book of Jurisprudence, 3rd ed. by D.P. Derham (1964); R. Pound, Jurisprudence, 5 vol. (1959); J. Stone, Legal System and Lawyers' Reasonings (1964); Human Law and Human Justice (1965); Social Dimensions of Law and Justice (1966); Lev S. Jawitsch, The General Theory of Law: Social and Philosophical Problems (1981; trans. from the Russian); and Robert S. Summers, Instrumentalism and American Legal Theory (1982). Neil MacCormick, H.L.A. Hart (1981), is an analysis of the legal philosophy of the prominent jurist.Notable works on the history of philosophy of law include E. Wolf, Griechisches Rechtsdenken, 3 vol. (195054); A. Verdross, Abendlndische Rechtsphilosophie, 2nd ed. (1963); R. Marcic, Geschichte der Rechtsphilosophie (1971); and G. Fasso, Storia della filosofia del diritto, 2 vol. (196668; 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1970). David Miller, Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought (1981), is a comprehensive survey of Hume's thought on judgment, justice, political power, and government.(Analytical jurisprudence): J. Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence (1832); H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (1961); W.N. Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions As Applied to Judicial Reasoning (1923); H. Kelsen, Reine Rechtslehre, 2nd ed. (1960; Eng. trans., Pure Theory of Law, 1967); A. Kocourek, Jural Relations, 2nd ed. (1928); I. Tammelo, Outlines of Modern Legal Logic (1969). (Ethical jurisprudence): C.K. Allen, Aspects of Justice (1958); J. Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780); E. Bodenheimer, Treatise on Justice (1967); H. Kelsen, What is Justice? (1957); C. Perelman, Justice (1967); G. Radbruch, Legal Philosophy, in K. Wilk (ed.), The Legal Philosophies of Lask, Radbruch and Dabin, pp. 47226 (1950).(Sociological jurisprudence, including historical jurisprudence): W. Aubert (ed.), Sociology of Law (1969); E. Ehrlich, Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts (1913; Eng. trans., Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law, 1936); L.M. Friedman and A.S. Macaulay (eds.), Law and Behavioral Sciences (1969); G. Gurvitch, Sociology of Law (1942); K.N. Llewellyn, Jurisprudence (1962); H. Maine, Ancient Law (1861); F. von Savigny, Vom Beruf unsrer Zeit fr Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (1830; Eng. trans., Of the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence, 1831); E.M. Schur, Law and Society (1968); J. Stone, Law and the Social Sciences in the Second Half-Century (1966).See also Donald Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events (1980); Hannu Tapani Klami, Anti-Legalism (1980); M.A. Stewart (ed.), Law, Morality, and Rights (1983); John D. Hodson, The Ethics of Legal Coercion (1983); Anthony Allott, The Limits of Law (1980); and B.R. Krishna Iyer, Law Versus Justice (1981).