noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a court of law
▪
You may be asked to give evidence before a court of law.
a history/chemistry/law etc degree
▪
I decided to do a Maths degree.
a law/accounting/advertising etc firm
▪
She was offered a job with a law firm.
a law/medical/chemistry etc student
▪
Approximately 40% of law students are women.
against the law (= illegal )
▪
The use of certain drugs is against the law .
an act becomes law
▪
In the 40 years since the Abortion Act became law there have been repeated attempts to amend or repeal it.
antitrust laws
▪
new tougher antitrust laws
blue law
brush with the law
▪
His first brush with the law came when he was 16.
canon law
case law
civil law
common law
company law
court of law
criminal law
▪
I’m more interested in criminal law than civil law.
criminal law
▪
There was not enough evidence to bring a prosecution under criminal law.
enforce a law
▪
He wants the police to enforce the law and arrest the men.
ex post facto law
fall foul of the law
▪
He is worried that his teenage kids will fall foul of the law .
impose/declare martial law
▪
The government may declare martial law in response to the latest violence in the region.
in accordance with...law
▪
Article 47 may only be used in accordance with international law .
law court
law enforcement agent
law enforcement
▪
law enforcement
law enforcement
▪
law enforcement agencies
law firm
law of supply and demand
▪
the law of supply and demand
law school
laws/rules dictate sth
▪
Federal laws dictate how land can be used.
libel laws
▪
restrictions on press freedom, such as libel laws
licensing laws
martial law
▪
The government may declare martial law in response to the latest violence in the region.
martial law...lifted (= ended )
▪
In May, martial law was lifted in most areas.
Murphy's law
obey the law/rules
▪
She’s the sort of person who always obeys the rules.
Parkinson’s law
pass a law/bill/act
▪
The first Transport Act was passed in 1907.
private law
prosecute sb under a law/Act etc
▪
The company is to be prosecuted under the Health and Safety Act.
Roman law
Sod’s law
▪
It’s Sod’s law that the car breaks down when you need it most.
statute law
study law/business/history etc (= study a subject at a school or university )
▪
Anna is studying French literature.
the laws/forces of nature
▪
The inhabitants of the island fight a constant battle against the forces of nature.
the long arm of the law
▪
He won’t escape the long arm of the law .
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
civil
▪
At civil law , in fact, he has no right in personam either.
▪
Federal officials began to violate the civil rights laws in addition to refusing to enforce them.
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The civil law position is less problematical.
▪
Furthermore, Days noted that technicalities in the criminal civil rights laws made conviction difficult.
▪
There is a basic distinction in the laws of this country between the criminal and the civil law.
▪
The council is finishing work on a civil service law .
▪
Since nodding can be described only as a formless act, clearly the civil law had no interest in it.
▪
Normal practice in civil law countries is very different.
criminal
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This violates such deep-seated feelings of justice that it has proved to be unacceptable under any criminal law jurisdiction.
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None of the committee members in these crucial years specialized in criminal law or family law.
▪
Juxtaposing criminal law and legal theory offers a number of intellectual enquiries.
▪
In criminal law , heat of passion refers to a violent and uncontrollable rage.
▪
It was argued in Chapter 2 that the criminal law ought to spread its net wider where the potential harm is greater.
▪
In this chapter I want to examine what is known about criminal justice and law enforcement as they affect women.
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Further, the current mode and role of criminal law teaching has consequences for legal education in general.
federal
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Campaigners say his case reveals the unhealthy power that big busi ness holds over the federal law makers.
▪
A federal law spells out the penalties for missing the deadline to cut air pollution.
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We are now circulating petitions calling for a federal law to ban handguns.
▪
The federal government will give California a $ 3. 7 billion block grant for welfare under the new federal law .
▪
The attorney general responded that an indictment under federal law could be invoked only when a federally protected right was violated.
▪
This is obviously a case that should not have been tried under federal law in the first place.
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It also alleges violations of state and federal antitrust laws and public nuisance laws.
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The Administration argues that federal law and prison policy conform to this approach for the most part.
international
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This was to ensure by international law that children everywhere would be covered for all their needs.
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The United States sees intellectual property rights as sacred, said Thomas Klitgaard, an attorney specializing in international law .
▪
The range and quality of Jenks's contribution placed him among the foremost writers on international law of his generation.
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Diplomats say that immunity should not be used to avoid culpability, but it has had a meaningful place in international law .
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What is needed is an acceptance of our responsibilities under international law .
▪
It must pursue policies in both its judicial and executive branches that uphold an international rule of law .
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Yet international law , not some quirk of humanity, requires that under certain circumstances it must be done.
▪
Such a situation is one which allows other countries to put aside international law and act according to their own judgments.
local
▪
These firms know what the local law is, and could filter some Internet content as demanded by it.
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The school security specialists also want local law enforcement officials and school administrators to improve their cooperation to stem the violence.
▪
In general local law societies disagreed with the question, although they found it difficult to reach a consensus on the issue.
▪
The rulings were created and administered by the local law society which represents all interested professional parties.
▪
The laws vary from country to country; overseas readers should check local laws.
▪
There was considerable support for the latter suggestion from private practitioners in all types of firm and from local law societies.
▪
In the main, local law societies answered the question negatively, or simply stated that it was a matter for the lender.
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But local law society activities can go beyond serving the interests of their members and other lawyers.
martial
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Qiao Shi, the intelligence chief who had abstained in the martial law vote earlier, endorsed an immediate army crackdown.
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Troops were deployed in Kwangju at midnight on May 17, just as Chun was declaring nationwide martial law .
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In mid-1990, martial law was formally lifted but the security clamp down remains currently in force.
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You and your men will be under martial law henceforth.
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Bhutto's relations with the Army deteriorated after her refusal to impose martial law in Sind under Article 245 of the Constitution.
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Subsequently, Stoneham declared martial law , brought in all available troops, and suppressed the disorder.
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It was the biggest demonstration since the lifting of martial law in 1988, and was estimated by police to number 10,000.
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A slim majority of 52 percent said martial law harmed the country, while 43 percent said dictatorship brought benefits.
natural
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However, the natural law governing committees soon took hold and progress was glacially slow.
▪
Law was no longer conceived of as an eternal set of principles expressed in custom and derived from natural law .
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What inversion of values makes us to look upon such aberrations as though they were a reflection of natural laws ?
▪
Smith propounded natural laws behind the new reality.
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Musical form is no exception to this natural law .
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Once these causes are discovered we no longer have a miracle, but natural law ...
▪
It is also conceivable that there are still natural laws which are still to be discovered and named.
▪
The physicist's problem is the problem of ultimate origins and ultimate natural laws .
new
▪
It seems to be that there will be two consequences of the new law .
▪
A new state law says they have to figure out a way to recycle it.
▪
In that year a new law was passed to make divorce easier and simpler.
▪
The federal government will give California a $ 3. 7 billion block grant for welfare under the new federal law .
▪
Friends of the Earth is urging local authorities to use the new laws as a means of prosecuting polluting dump sites.
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The effect of the new law on high-rise and condominium dwellers is less clear, pending federal action expected later this year.
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Nor has it dealt with the question of a new citizenship law , though the Solingen atrocity has revived debate about this.
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Under a new federal immigration law , non-citizens who vote are ineligible for naturalization and can be deported.
private
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More important for most purposes of private law than citizenship is domicile.
▪
There is no private law firm where the defeated candidates can retire.
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The essence of a private law employment relationship is a mutual obligation to engage in an economic exchange of labour in return for remuneration.
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Instead we have to give it to a private law firm known for its political clout.
▪
The first, the Digest, was the classical Roman private law of the jurists.
▪
Rather we should begin by asking why we have a distinction between public and private law .
▪
The question of whether, as a matter of private law , individual solicitors were entitled to a pay-out, was irrelevant.
public
▪
The trouble is that the public backs the law but not the means to make it work.
▪
It was established by a public law signed by the President in August 1987.
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Functionalism in public law views this apparatus of government as serving to promote a distinct set of purposes.
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All persons engaged in public administration serve in a special legal relationship whereby the public law institution is the employer.
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Its state legislators refused to adopt public accommodations laws for their counties.
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These are essentially public law functions.
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The basic objective of these writers was to project an image of public law .
roman
▪
There were some striking continuities in terms of the survival of Roman law and custom and language.
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Formulary procedure was the classical procedure of Roman law .
▪
Most of the wordings initially used for trusts in Roman law are words that could be described as precatory.
▪
The discovery that Roman law had anticipated the position in modern equity is of great interest.
▪
The Roman law system is historically the most important and influential of all the historic legal systems.
▪
In comparison, Roman law had shown itself flexible and responsive to the interests of creditors.
▪
The first, the Digest, was the classical Roman private law of the jurists.
■ NOUN
case
▪
The roots of the law of confidence lie in equity and it is almost entirely case law.
▪
Because the Internet is new, there is little relevant case law in this area.
▪
My own views as to the proper limits of jurisdictional control will be spelt out after a consideration of the case law .
▪
I said the case law could change and we would get nothing.
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This has less support in the case law than the previous two tests.
▪
After a consideration of the theories, the case law from both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries will be examined.
▪
Relevant well-established civil court case law is based on the general provisions of the Civil Code relating to the conclusion of contracts.
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Would it seek merely to codify the existing case law or to reform on the existing case law?
company
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The reason can perhaps be found in the fact that company law as an academic discipline boasts no long and distinguished pedigree.
▪
Until recently company law , with its relative freedom from stringent regulations, reflected this national belief.
▪
Yet company law doctrine has failed to acknowledge this.
▪
This point can perhaps also be illustrated by some of the recent legislative reforms of company law .
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Rather, the focus on shareholder interests results from a private conception of the company and company law .
▪
It is therefore not unlikely that before long Parliament may abolish the ultravires rule in company law altogether.
court
▪
The law courts are venal and can take decades to decide a case.
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Demonstrators taking part in a sit-in in front of the law courts were beaten up by police.
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The law courts are also having a field day.
▪
It was in this period too that a club's control over a player was first challenged in the law courts .
▪
People preferred the more formalized and anonymous procedures of the law courts .
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It has law courts , government offices and a university.
▪
After successive delays, aided by the law courts , the new deadline for payment is Thursday.
▪
The law courts , with their outside staircase, are also impressive.
enforcement
▪
Neither case was an edifying example of law enforcement .
▪
But as more information emerged, law enforcement officials began dampening speculation that the incident was connected to the abortion controversy.
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The Home Office said that it had received representations from law enforcement agencies.
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It sent a message to law enforcement officers: Open season on immigrants.
▪
Breaking the cycle Soon, Gwinn was explaining the San Diego strategy to law enforcement officials in other states.
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In response, President Fillmore issued a proclamation asking citizens to cease interfering with law enforcement officers.
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Accornero, a 24-year law enforcement veteran, was appointed chief in 1994.
firm
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In retrospect, this represented both an opportunity and threat to law firms .
▪
Sacks, a Boston intellectual-property law firm .
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The historic deal, hammered out with the 60 law firms representing the Castano case, is intriguing.
▪
Hillary Clinton was questioned about the mysterious appearance of her law firm billing records.
▪
Federated spokeswoman Carol Sanger Tuesday confirmed that the company has retained a law firm but declined to say for what purpose.
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Burling, law firm , Washington, $ 33, 200.
immigration
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These immigration laws established two important principles of future immigration policy.
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The federal government has sole responsibility to enforce immigration laws , including the prevention of illegal entries into the United States.
▪
It is the racism written into, and demanded by, Britain's immigration laws .
▪
Even some misdemeanor offenses, if they draw maximum one-year sentences, can now be deemed aggravated felonies under federal immigration law .
▪
For the first time, the order will put companies that violate immigration law at risk of losing their federal contracts.
▪
Although she was for tough immigration laws , she was fundamentally concerned about the civil rights of immigrants and citizens...
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The basis for the rejection was the section of the immigration laws barring people affiliated with the Communist Party.
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And he has been negotiating with the Congress over the budget and our immigration laws .
school
▪
Though he entered law school , Kelly was teaching dance a few months later.
▪
He was then only twenty-one, a callow aristocrat fresh from law school .
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Procaccia, the law school dean, believes the intent of the compensation bill is to save money.
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He was a young lawyer, just out of law school .
▪
He says he does a little bit of everything here, and always has in his law school jobs.
▪
Sharif was educated at a college and law school in his home town.
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Indeed, they are going to law school , too.
state
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Mr Hibberd refused, citing state laws that allow a journalist to protect a source.
▪
What if state law requires a daily flag salute?
▪
Some state laws specifically provide that tenured teachers can be dismissed for economic reasons.
▪
In both types of cases, there were technical violations of state law .
▪
Texas state law does not allow for the substitution of an independent candidate once he has won a spot on the ballot.
▪
The use of such meat by-products as heart meat, tongue meat, and tripe is permitted unless prohibited by state law .
▪
The saguaro is a protected plant under state law .
▪
California law allows residents to carry the spray, and city officials said state law would take precedence.
student
▪
And Green had developed a passion for a university law student he met at work in Salford, Greater Manchester.
▪
Well, consider an instant poll of a class of first-year law students , asked Tuesday who they wanted for their dean.
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In Iasi, a provincial city in the north-east of the country, more than 70 lawyers and law students attended.
▪
And then I became the observer of law students in and out of our home.
▪
Six years before, she had shocked her family and class by marrying a destitute Berkeley law student .
▪
And the law students themselves created a fellowship fund to support recent graduates for one year following graduation in a public-interest organization.
tax
▪
We support whenever we can the interests of museums, both with respect to the tax laws and otherwise.
▪
The tax laws prohibit you from trying to recover from your employees taxes that you were required to pay on their behalf.
▪
Officials are already concerned he does not spend enough time there to qualify for the 12 percent tax laws .
▪
Actually, 1995 was the lowest year for California tax law changes that I can remember.
▪
The 12 also chipped away at one of the other stumbling blocks, the need to harmonise tax laws across the Community.
▪
Federal tax law bars use of such funds to further a political agenda.
▪
The tax law provides for a deduction of the fair market value of the work of art.
▪
They help take the guesswork out of tax law by translating convoluted jargon into plain-folks language.
■ VERB
allow
▪
After 1854 appeals to the Supreme Court on matters of law were allowed .
▪
In 1856 the laws were changed to allow two engravers full Academic titles, and another two those of Associates.
▪
Texas state law does not allow for the substitution of an independent candidate once he has won a spot on the ballot.
▪
We see how algebraic laws allow us to give a precise and succinct description of each operator.
▪
The law will allow 750, 000 accounts to be set up.
▪
The law allows enormous scope for interpretation and those who interpret are not friends of ours.
▪
In most states, recently passed laws now allow citizens to carry concealed handguns.
become
▪
Some significant social policy measures have become law in this way.
▪
What had been a matter of church policy is about to become law .
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In Britain the Equal Pay Act became law in 1970.
▪
Elsewhere they dragged their feet until it became clear that the laws were unenforceable.
▪
On average 10-12 Private Members' Bills become law each session.
▪
I become independent of physical laws of food, of shelter, of life.
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If the bill became law , manufacturers using chemicals obtained from local species would have to pay a royalty to the state.
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A bill to let workers carry health insurance coverage from one employer to another should be a sure bet to become law .
break
▪
But he claimed they were well aware they were breaking the law and were prepared to face the consequences.
▪
A good union officer must give the sense that if he had to do it, he might break the law .
▪
You won't have broken the law if you do not follow it.
▪
Nobody considers the tax money needed to keep a young man in jail when he drops out and breaks the law .
▪
Anyone who tries to stop them will be breaking the law .
▪
I guessed that you were breaking the law in some way.
▪
Even breaking the law , it was fairly humane.
change
▪
It does not seek to change physical laws , only to delay them.
▪
The judges ruled that it was the job of Parliament, not the courts, to change the law .
▪
When they change the law Spike and I will marry immediately.
▪
An affronted Legislature has changed the law so that Texas governments can no longer sue those seeking records.
▪
If the federal government is to change the law , it will need to act quickly, while the outrage lasts.
▪
So the judges, once again by their own fiat, simply changed the law .
▪
This probably changes the existing law , making the offence more difficult to prove.
▪
For health insurers in California, the rules distinctly changed with a state law that took effect in July.
declare
▪
He'd heard rumours that the military were planning to declare martial law .
▪
Madison, the Supreme Court has declared 141 federal laws unconstitutional, an average of less than one law every year.
▪
Emergency regulations empowered the government to declare virtual martial law at will.
▪
Troops were deployed in Kwangju at midnight on May 17, just as Chun was declaring nationwide martial law .
▪
To restore order, the government declared martial law .
▪
When a federal district court first heard the case, it declared the federal law unconstitutional.
▪
Subsequently, Stoneham declared martial law , brought in all available troops, and suppressed the disorder.
▪
When the Supreme Court declares a state law unconstitutional, similar statutes in other states are not automatically voided.
enforce
▪
We are legally allowed to fight when protecting ourselves, our family, or when enforcing the law itself.
▪
The federal government has sole responsibility to enforce immigration laws , including the prevention of illegal entries into the United States.
▪
Gratuitous promises can not be enforced at law .
▪
He simply notified the attorney general of a threat to the public peace and asked him to enforce federal law .
▪
Greenpeace claim that the Authority is failing in its statutory duty to gather the necessary evidence to enforce the law .
▪
Responsibility can be enforced by strong laws .
▪
It implies that the police fully enforces every law against the citizen.
▪
First, the Universe appears perfectly symmetrical in the ways it enforces its laws .
impose
▪
You can impose any laws and traditions you care to invent.
▪
This structure can neither impose law upon its members nor force one of them to adopt a policy with which it disagrees.
▪
Bhutto's relations with the Army deteriorated after her refusal to impose martial law in Sind under Article 245 of the Constitution.
▪
Unlike past military rulers, General Musharraf has neither imposed martial law nor suppressed fundamental rights.
▪
The duty of care is imposed by law but the standard is a matter of medical practice.
▪
The king says he will impose martial law if anything similar happens again.
obey
▪
Of course consent to obey the law is not a necessary condition of such an attitude.
▪
Our citizens want to obey the law .
▪
Citizens have an obligation to obey law by virtue of the fact that it is made in accordance with established procedures.
▪
I guess it depends on whether you obey traffic laws or not.
▪
Is there a primafacie obligation to obey the law which transcends the limits of the state's authority?
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They will always obey the law .
▪
Bodies are substantial, exist in space, obey mechanical laws .
▪
The question of whether this administration is willing to obey the law is too simplistic, we are told.
pass
▪
It was very good to pass a special law for that.
▪
In most states, recently passed laws now allow citizens to carry concealed handguns.
▪
In due course, the government's response was to pass a law and appoint an Alkali Inspector named Angus Smith.
▪
As a result of increased public interest, more than a dozen states have passed laws that prohibit insurers from genetic discrimination.
▪
He made the decisions, he passed the laws .
▪
I see well. meaning legislators across the land passing laws against themselves as if the victim will always be some one else.
▪
The fear is that if they are published, Parliament will pass a law against smearing politicians.
▪
Catholics passed laws against intermarriage between people of the two faiths.
require
▪
Balancing is required by the law of conservation of matter.
▪
The government is required by law to provide education for all minors, regardless of their circumstances.
▪
Prevention requires laws to be clear, simple and universally supported.
▪
They contend that the commissioner is required by law to enforce the anti-redlining regulation, regardless of personal preference.
▪
His first appearance, an arraignment to enter a plea of guilty or not-guilty, is required by law .
▪
The building is about 60m by 10m, and inside are the lobster tanks that are required by law .
▪
The bags are required by law to inflate in a fraction of a second, fueled by hot gases.
sign
▪
Governor William Donald Schaefer signed the bill into law within hours of its enactment by the House.
▪
Havel signed the law on Oct. 17, but said that he would be seeking amendments to it.
▪
But the two chambers must agree on a final version before Clinton can sign it into law .
▪
President Clinton has promised to sign it into law .
▪
Mike Leavitt has signed into law a bill banning public schools from granting recognition or access to gay or lesbian student groups.
▪
President Clinton signed telecommunications reform into law last month.
▪
President Clinton signed a law last year that requires states to make information on sexually violent criminals available to the public.
violate
▪
In addition, Tesoro said it filed a counterclaim alleging that the shareholders' group has violated securities laws .
▪
Federal officials began to violate the civil rights laws in addition to refusing to enforce them.
▪
A federal court ruled this month that Napster helped users to violate music copyright laws .
▪
Y., consented to permanent injunctions barring them from violating securities laws .
▪
But court records show how poachers violated wildlife laws without fear of punishment in his courtroom.
▪
He was charged with violating national security laws because of his membership in the Secret Association for Independence.
▪
People Open, thriving enterprises do not exclude people in ways that violate fair-hiring laws .
▪
No financial penalties were imposed, but the men were ordered not to violate securities laws in the future.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc
get on the wrong side of the law
lay down the law
▪
If Bob starts laying down the law, just tell him to shut up.
▪
Parents need to lay down the law regarding how much TV their children watch.
▪
By eleven o'clock I was standing in front of Patterson's desk laying down the law.
▪
It is unfortunate that Mrs Gardner's thoroughness did not extend to laying down the law about insurance.
▪
MacFarland said I would do well in his class and laid down the law about doing well in the others.
▪
Ron, too, was laying down the law.
▪
She would lay down the laws.
▪
Steadily I disappointed Paquita, who believed it was my job to lay down the law with Clarisa.
▪
They made a move for the piano, but we laid down the law and soon redirected their energy to sightseeing.
▪
Well, there was nothing for it, I had to lay down the law in no uncertain terms.
natural justice/law
▪
At present rules of a legislative nature are not generally subject to natural justice. 2.
▪
But Aristotle did not conceive of natural laws based on mathematical principles.
▪
If he perceives that there is a likelihood of bias, the rules of natural justice have been broken. 2.
▪
It may have failed in the course of the inquiry to comply with the requirements of natural justice.
▪
Lord Denning restricted the full application of the rules of natural justice on the ground of national security.
▪
Some commentators take a different view, seeing a broader significance in the shift from natural justice to fairness.
▪
The injunction is important in public law in the context of the rules of natural justice.
▪
They have always presented a problem for the application of natural justice.
on the wrong/right side of the law
▪
De Niro plays a lawyer, on the right side of the law.
possession is nine-tenths of the law
sign a bill/legislation/agreement into law
storefront church/law office/school etc
▪
In Sanchersville, she opened a storefront law office perforating the heart of the ghetto.
the letter of the law
▪
The builders may have adhered to the letter of the law, but not its spirit.
▪
A month afterwards the teams will be sent out to discover whether retailers are sticking to the letter of the law.
▪
By sticking to the letter of the law, the spirit of the law may be lost.
▪
Some one who did not feel obliged to follow the letter of the law, or the instructions of the judge.
▪
Sticking to the letter of the law v. sticking to its spirit.
▪
The agent counsels them obliquely against waste, repeats the letter of the law, and smiles.
▪
The heart of all this is going beyond the letter of the law with your clients.
the rule of law
▪
However, we are not that much nearer to a world order dominated by a fair application of the rule of law.
▪
In putting this case we should first recollect the third pillar in Dicey's concept of the rule of law.
▪
No one can read the Pentateuch and conclude that justice is just concerned with private property and the rule of law.
▪
This extradition is a victory for all who believe in the rule of law.
▪
Violent picketing also threatened the rule of law.
▪
We have to follow the rule of law.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪
Andrew is studying law at Harvard University.
▪
Both specific and general laws on child prostitution exist.
▪
By law , an advertiser can't use a person's name for commercial purposes without permission.
▪
FIFA is the organization that runs world football and decides whether any of the laws should be changed.
▪
I didn't realize I was breaking the law .
▪
In 1873 French law was imposed in Vietnam.
▪
It's against the law to be drunk in public.
▪
Japan has very strict laws against guns and drugs.
▪
Refugees are accorded special protection under international law
▪
She practices law in New York.
▪
The law defines drunkenness as a certain percentage of alcohol in the blood.
▪
the law of gravity
▪
the laws of cricket
▪
The current gun laws vary from state to state.
▪
the economic law of supply and demand
▪
The soldiers were brought in to restore law and order after the riots.
▪
This law makes it illegal to smoke in public places.
▪
tough new laws on immigration
▪
Under the new law , anyone who assists in a suicide faces 10 years in prison.