KOLYMA RIVER

river in northeastern Siberia, far eastern Russia, rising in the Kolyma Mountains. It is 1,323 miles (2,129 km) long and drains an area of 250,000 square miles (647,000 square km). In its upper course it flows through narrow gorges, with many rapids. Gradually its valley widens, and below Zyryanka it enters the wide, flat, and swampy Kolyma Lowland and flows northeastward to discharge into the East Siberian Sea. The whole course below the mountains is meandering and braided, with many channels extending across a wide floodplain. In this lower course the edge of the Yukaghir Plateau forms a steep, high right bank. Although hindered by a bar at its mouth, the river is navigable upstream to the Bakhapcha confluence, but the ice-free period is short: freeze-up lasts from late September until early June in the lower course, and, because the more southerly upper reaches begin to thaw first, the breakup of the ice is accompanied by vast ice jams and widespread flooding. Almost half of the river's annual flow comes in late spring and early summer. The entire basin is covered by tundra or thin, stunted forest, and its sparse population comprises largely Yakut and Lamut (Even) peoples. The only significant economic activity is gold mining in the upper basin. During the rule of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, the goldfields of the upper Kolyma River valley were the site of a large complex of forced-labour camps in which more than one million prisoners died between 1932 and 1954.