KOOLAU RANGE

mountains paralleling for 37 miles (60 km) the eastern coast of Oahu Island, Hawaii, U.S. The range was formed by volcanic eruptions and has an average width of 13 miles (21 km). The original caldera, 6 miles (10 km) long and 4 miles (6 km) wide and the second largest in the state, is now a hill near the town of Kaneohe. The Diamond Head and Koko Head capes (east of Honolulu) resulted from the range's last volcanic activity, more than 10,000 years ago. Because of its wind-facing position, the Koolau (meaning windward) Range traps precipitation, resulting in numerous streams and waterfalls. The range's most characteristic feature is a serrated precipice, the Pali (cliff), that rises abruptly on its eastern side and reaches varying heights (5002,500 feet [150750 m]), 2 miles (3 km) from the sea. The highest point in the range is Konahuanui, which is actually two peaks (3,150 feet and 3,105 feet [960 m and 946 m]) and lies at the head of the Nuuanu Valley. Two cliff passesNuuanu and Waimanale paliscut through the range, there pierced by highway tunnels. The 1,200-feet (366-metre) Nuuanu Pali is associated with Kamehameha the Great's conquest of the isle in 1795, when his troops forced Oahu warriors up the valley and over the cliff to be dashed to death on the jagged rocks below. The Koolau's more gradual western slopes form a picturesque foothill background for Honolulu. Western lava flows created the Schofield plateau, a saddle (ridge) 14 miles (22 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide between the Koolau Range and the Waianae Range (which parallels the island's west coast).