LINLITHGOW, VICTOR ALEXANDER JOHN HOPE, 2ND MARQUESS ...

born Sept. 24, 1887, Abercorn, West Lothian, Scot. died Jan. 5, 1952, Abercorn British statesman and longest serving viceroy of India (193643) who suppressed opposition to British presence there during World War II. He succeeded to the marquessate in 1908. During World War I (191418) Linlithgow served on the western front. In 1922 he was appointed a civil lord of the Admiralty, and, when the first Labour government was formed in 1924, he was selected deputy chairman of the Conservative and Unionist Party organization. Exposed to India's problems as chairman of the royal commission on agriculture in India (192628) and of the select committee on Indian constitutional reform, he succeeded Lord Willingdon as viceroy in 1936. According to the Government of India Act of 1935, the provinces were to be governed by ministries responsible to the elected legislatures. The Indian nationalist Congress Party, with clear majorities in five of the 11 provinces, was unwilling to take office without assurance that the governors would not use their reserve powers to override the ministries. Because Linlithgow overcame these fears, provincial autonomy functioned smoothly, but he failed to secure consent of the princes, which was necessary for establishment of the federal structure provided by the statute. In September 1939 Linlithgow broadcast an appeal for unity in the war against Germany before consulting the Indian political parties, offending the Congress Party leaders, who then asked their provincial ministers to resign. The Congress Party leaders also refused Linlithgow's offer of representation in his executive council; nevertheless, he enlarged the council's number of Indian members. Added to the Japanese threat to British control of India during World War II was the attempt in August 1942 at a mass civil-disobedience campaign by the Congress Party, which was dissatisfied by Britain's refusal to grant independence to India. Linlithgow interned its leaders and suppressed resistance to the government. By the date of his retirement in 1943, a completely volunteer army of more than 2,000,000 men, plus considerable contingents from the Indian states, had joined the British military efforts.